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- Title
Impact of Harmonic Imaging and Transducer Frequency on ‘Ventricular Volume’ Measurements Using Real-Time Three-Dimensional Echocardiography: Studies in an In Vitro Model.
- Authors
Rusk, R.A.; Mori, Y.; Mehwald, P.S.; Kenny, A.; Sahn, D.J.
- Abstract
Aims: Harmonic imaging has increased the yield of quantifiable scans in two-dimensional echocardiography. Although real-time three-dimensional echocardiography avoids geometric assumptions in volume analysis, accurate measurement can be limited by image quality. This study compared volumes from a balloon model mimicking the left ventricle, scanned with and without harmonic imaging, using real time three-dimensional echocardiography.Methods: Two balloons separated by ultrasound gel were suspended in a water bath. To mimic different chamber volumes, 12 volumes of water within the inner balloon (40–180 ml) were scanned using a 3·5 MHz probe at fundamental frequency and using a 2·5 MHz probe with and without harmonic imaging.Results: Scanning at 3·5 MHz, the long axis (B) scans did not significantly underestimate the balloon volume but the ‘short axis’ (C) scans did (mean difference from actual volumes −0·7±1·4 ml, P=0·14 and −3·9±1·2 ml,P <0·0001 for B and C scans, respectively). Scanning at 2·5 MHz both B and C scans significantly underestimated even more the true volume, C scans to a greater extent (mean difference −6·9±2·4 ml and −11·2±4·0 ml for B and C scans respectively,P <0·0001 in both cases). However with harmonic imaging, transmitting at 1·7 MHz and receiving at 2–4 MHz, there was no significant difference of either B or C scans from the reference values (mean difference of B scans −1·2±1·9 ml, P=0·06 and C scans −0·6±2·2 ml, P=0·4).Conclusion: The enhanced resolution provided by harmonic imaging improves accuracy of volume analysis by real-time three-dimensional echocardiography.
- Subjects
THREE-dimensional echocardiography; LEFT heart ventricle; HEART physiology; TRANSDUCERS; OPTICAL resolution; ULTRASONIC imaging; ENDOCARDIUM; THORACIC surgery; PHYSIOLOGY
- Publication
European Journal of Echocardiography, 2001, Vol 2, Issue 4, p245
- ISSN
1525-2167
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1053/euje.2001.0101