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- Title
Multiple Cellular Mechanisms Related to Cyclin A1 in Prostate Cancer Invasion and Metastasis.
- Authors
Wegiel, Barbara; Bjartell, Anders; Tuomela, Johanna; Dizeyi, Nishtman; Tinzl, Martina; Helczynski, Leszek; Nilsson, Elise; Otterbein, Leo E.; Härkönen, Pirkko; Persson, Jenny Liao
- Abstract
Background Cyclin A1 is a cell cycle regulator that has been implicated in the progression of prostate cancer. Its role in invasion and metastasis of this disease has not been characterized. Methods Immunohistochemistry and cDNA microarray analyses were used to assess protein and mRNA expression of cyclin A1 and proteins with roles in metastasis, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), and MMP9, in human prostate cancer. Transient transfection and infection with viral vectors expressing cyclin Al and short hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting cyclin Al were used to study the effects of altered cyclin Al expression in PC3 prostate cancer cells. The BrdU assay, annexin V staining, and invasion chambers were used to examine cyclin Al effects on proliferation, apoptosis, and invasion, respectively. The role of cyclin Al and androgen receptor (AR) in transcription of VEGF and MMP2 was assessed by promoter mutation and chromatin immunoprecipitation. The effect of cyclin Al expression on tumor growth and metastasis was analyzed in a mouse model of metastasis. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results Cyclin Al protein and mRNA expression were statistically significantly higher in prostate cancers than in adjacent benign tissues. A statistically significant correlation between expression of cyclin Al and of MMP2, MMP9, and VEGF was observed in prostate tumors from 482 patients (P values from Spearman rank correlation tests < .001). PC3 cells that overexpressed cyclin Al showed increased invasiveness, and inhibition of cyclin Al expression via shRNA expression reduced invasiveness of these cells. Eight of 10 mice (80%) bearing PC3 cells overexpressing cyclin Al had infiltration of tumor cells in lymph node, liver, and lung, but all 10 mice bearing tumors expressing control vector were free of liver and lung metastases and only one mouse from this group had lymph node metastasis (P values from Fisher exact tests <.001). Cyclin Al, in concert with AR, bound to and increased expression from the VEGF and MMP2 promoters. Conclusions Cyclin Al contributes to prostate cancer invasion by modulating the expression of MMPs and VEGF and by interacting with AR.
- Subjects
PROSTATE cancer; CANCER patients; METASTASIS; CANCER invasiveness; TUMORS
- Publication
JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 2008, Vol 100, Issue 14, p1022
- ISSN
0027-8874
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1093/jnci/djn214