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- Title
Hib Vaccines: Past, Present, and Future Perspectives.
- Authors
Zarei, Adi Essam; Almehdar, Hussein A.; Redwan, Elrashdy M.
- Abstract
Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) causes many severe diseases, including epiglottitis, pneumonia, sepsis, and meningitis. In developed countries, the annual incidence of meningitis caused by bacteria is approximately 5-10 cases per population of 100,000. The Hib conjugate vaccine is considered protective and safe. Adjuvants, molecules that can enhance and/or regulate the fundamental immunogenicity of an antigen, comprise a wide range of diverse compounds. While earlier developments of adjuvants created effective products, there is still a need to create new generations, rationally designed based on recent discoveries in immunology, mainly in innate immunity. Many factors may play a role in the immunogenicity of Hib conjugate vaccines, such as the polysaccharides and proteins carrier used in vaccine construction, as well as the method of conjugation. A Hib conjugate vaccine has been constructed via chemical synthesis of a Hib saccharide antigen. Two models of carbohydrate-protein conjugate have been established, the single ended model (terminal amination-single method) and cross-linked lattice matrix (dual amination method). Increased knowledge in the fields of immunology, molecular biology, glycobiology, glycoimmunology, and the biology of infectious microorganisms has led to a dramatic increase in vaccine efficacy.
- Subjects
HAEMOPHILUS influenzae; EPIGLOTTITIS; PNEUMONIA; SEPSIS; DISEASE incidence; NATURAL immunity; VACCINATION
- Publication
Journal of Immunology Research, 2016, p7203587
- ISSN
2314-8861
- Publication type
journal article
- DOI
10.1155/2016/7203587