We found a match
Your institution may have rights to this item. Sign in to continue.
- Title
Ocular Drug Delivery to the Retina: Current Innovations and Future Perspectives.
- Authors
Kim, Hyeong Min; Woo, Se Joon
- Abstract
Treatment options for retinal diseases, such as neovascular age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and retinal vascular disorders, have markedly expanded following the development of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor intravitreal injection methods. However, because intravitreal treatment requires monthly or bimonthly repeat injections to achieve optimal efficacy, recent investigations have focused on extended drug delivery systems to lengthen the treatment intervals in the long term. Dose escalation and increasing molecular weight of drugs, intravitreal implants and nanoparticles, hydrogels, combined systems, and port delivery systems are presently under preclinical and clinical investigations. In addition, less invasive techniques rather than intravitreal administration routes, such as topical, subconjunctival, suprachoroidal, subretinal, and trans-scleral, have been evaluated to reduce the treatment burden. Despite the latest advancements in the field of ophthalmic pharmacology, enhancing drug efficacy with high ocular bioavailability while avoiding systemic and local adverse effects is quite challenging. Consequently, despite the performance of numerous in vitro studies, only a few techniques have translated to clinical trials. This review discusses the recent developments in ocular drug delivery to the retina, the pharmacokinetics of intravitreal drugs, efforts to extend drug efficacy in the intraocular space, minimally invasive techniques for drug delivery to the retina, and future perspectives in this field.
- Subjects
DRUG delivery devices; ENDOTHELIAL growth factors; RETINA; DRUG delivery systems; RETINAL diseases; DRUG efficacy; CHOROID; RETROLENTAL fibroplasia
- Publication
Pharmaceutics, 2021, Vol 13, Issue 1, p108
- ISSN
1999-4923
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.3390/pharmaceutics13010108