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- Title
Argon offline-AMS source apportionment of organic aerosol over yearly cycles for an urban, rural and marine site in Northern Europe.
- Authors
Bozzetti, C.; Sosedova, Y.; Xiao, M.; Daellenbach, K. R.; Ulevicius, V.; Dudoitis, V.; Mordas, G.; Byčenkienė, S.; Plauškaitė, K.; Vlachou, A.; Golly, B.; Chazeau, B.; Besombes, J.-L.; Baltensperger, U.; Jaffrezo, J.-L.; Slowik, J. G.; El Haddad, I.; Prévôt, A. S. H.
- Abstract
The widespread use of Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometers (AMS) has greatly improved real-time organic aerosol (OA) monitoring, providing mass spectra that contain sufficient information for source apportionment. However, AMS field deployments remain expensive and demanding, limiting the acquisition of long-term datasets at many sampling sites. The offline application of aerosol mass spectrometry entailing the analysis of nebulized water extracted filter samples (offline-AMS) increases the spatial coverage accessible to AMS measurements, being filters routinely collected at many stations worldwide. PM1 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter < 1 µm) filter samples were collected during an entire year in Lithuania at three different locations representative of three typical environments of the South-East Baltic region: Vilnius (urban background), Rūgšteliškis (rural terrestrial), and Preila (rural coastal). Aqueous filter extracts were nebulized in Ar, yielding the first AMS measurements of water-soluble atmospheric organic aerosol (WSOA) without interference from air fragments. This enables direct measurement of the CO+ fragment contribution, whose intensity is typically assumed to be equal to that of CO2+. Offline-AMS spectra reveal that the water soluble CO2+ : CO+ ratio not only shows values systematically < 1 but is also dependent on season, with lower values in winter than in summer. AMS WSOA spectra were analyzed using positive matrix factorization (PMF), yielding 5 factors: traffic exhaust OA (TEOA), biomass burning OA (BBOA), local OA (LOA) contributing significantly only in Vilnius, and two oxygenated OA (OOA) factors distinguished by seasonal variability. AMS-PMF source apportionment results were consistent with those obtained from PMF applied to marker concentrations (i.e. major inorganic ions, OC / EC, and organic markers including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives, hopanes, long-chain alkanes, monosaccharides, anhydrous sugars, and lignin fragmentation products). OA was the largest fraction of PM1 and was dominated by BBOA during winter with an average concentration of 2 µg m-3 (53% of OA), while summer-OOA (S-OOA), probably related to biogenic emissions was the prevalent OA source during summer with an average concentration of 1.2 µg m-3 (45% of OM). PMF ascribed a large part of the CO+ explained variability (97%) to the OOA and BBOA factors. Accordingly we discuss a new CO+ parameterization as a function of CO2+, and C2H4O2+ fragments, which were selected to describe the variability of the OOA and BBOA factors.
- Subjects
FLYING machines; ATMOSPHERIC aerosols; MASS spectrometry; AERODYNAMICS; PARTICULATE matter
- Publication
Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics Discussions, 2016, Vol 16, Issue 5, p1
- ISSN
1680-7367
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.5194/acp-2016-413