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- Title
Three Stages Composting Process for Poultry Mortality at Open Desert Site in Kuwait.
- Authors
Al-Ghawas, S.; Al-Mansour, H.; Naseeb, A.; Al-Ali, E.; Boota, A. A.; Al-Kandari, R. A.; Ghloum, D.; Jacob, J.
- Abstract
In this applied research investigation' on a pilot scale, with a leading local poultry company (KUPCO), a three-stage composting process was perfected to deal with their organic waste. The initial stage was the undisturbed layering of dead birds, bird manure, and acquired municipal yard waste at a ratio of 1:1:2, respectively; this combination provided an ideal C:N ratio of 30:1. The matrix had an initial moisture content of about 65%, and due to the heterogenic particle size of the yard waste it remained aerobic with oxygen content above 5%. At this stage the matrix temperature rapidly reached the lower thermophilic in the 50°C range, where in 20 to 25 d all parts of the chicken carcass were unrecognized. The second stage involved the frequent back and forth turning of the composting matrix between the back-to-back bins of each composting chamber to invigorate the composting process by additional aeration while simultaneously replenishing the evaporated water and mixing the materials. This was carried out by the use of a front skid loader. During this stage (15 d), the composting matrix temperature increased to the higher thermophilic range of > 65°C and often more than 70°C. This ensured the sterilization of the generated materials from any waste-associated pathogenic agents. The third stage involved sieving the materials to remove large undecomposed woody yard waste pieces, and then allowing the composted materials to continue the transformation process for curing with the occasional turning and watering. The Dewar self-heating apparatus was successfully used to determine the compost stability, but only after fine sieving of the materials which was indicated highly stable in 128 d. The duration could be reduced to less than 100 d if proper equipment and trained staff were available on demand. The generated compost quality tests were in line, with the exception of its salinity status due to the use of brackish groundwater in maintaining the matrix moisture content. Nevertheless, the bio-assay test using radish plants and commercial potting soil as control indicated that the generated materials were as good. Furthermore, the economic assessment revealed that the composted materials was generated at a cost of US$ 28 to 35/ m³, which could be further reduced at higher production levels and with proper equipment and trained staff.
- Subjects
KUWAIT; POULTRY mortality; ORGANIC wastes; WASTE management; ANIMAL waste; BIODEGRADATION; MANAGEMENT
- Publication
Journal of Solid Waste Technology & Management, 2015, Vol 41, Issue 4, p616
- ISSN
1088-1697
- Publication type
Article