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- Title
Schistosoma species detection by environmental DNA assays in African freshwaters.
- Authors
Alzaylaee, Hind; Collins, Rupert A.; Rinaldi, Gabriel; Shechonge, Asilatu; Ngatunga, Benjamin; Morgan, Eric R.; Genner, Martin J.
- Abstract
Background: Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical parasitic disease associated with severe pathology, mortality and economic loss worldwide. Programs for disease control may benefit from specific and sensitive diagnostic methods to detect Schistosoma trematodes in aquatic environments. Here we report the development of novel environmental DNA (eDNA) qPCR assays for the presence of the human-infecting species Schistosoma mansoni, S. haematobium and S. japonicum. Methodology/Principal findings: We first tested the specificity of the assays across the three species using genomic DNA preparations which showed successful amplification of target sequences with no cross amplification between the three focal species. In addition, we evaluated the specificity of the assays using synthetic DNA of multiple Schistosoma species, and demonstrated a high overall specificity; however, S. japonicum and S. haematobium assays showed cross-species amplification with very closely-related species. We next tested the effectiveness of the S. mansoni assay using eDNA samples from aquaria containing infected host gastropods, with the target species revealed as present in all infected aquaria. Finally, we evaluated the effectiveness of the S. mansoni and S. haematobium assays using eDNA samples from eight discrete natural freshwater sites in Tanzania, and demonstrated strong correspondence between infection status established using eDNA and conventional assays of parasite prevalence in host snails. Conclusions/Significance: Collectively, our results suggest that eDNA monitoring is able to detect schistosomes in freshwater bodies, but refinement of the field sampling, storage and assay methods are likely to optimise its performance. We anticipate that environmental DNA-based approaches will help to inform epidemiological studies and contribute to efforts to control and eliminate schistosomiasis in endemic areas. Author summary: Schistosomiasis, otherwise known as bilharzia or snail fever, is a prevalent human disease found across tropical regions of the world and is a major cause of disability. The disease is acquired from exposure to the schistosome infectious larvae released by infected host snails in freshwaters. Programs to restrict the transmission of schistosomiasis would benefit from rapid and reliable diagnostic methods to detect schistosomes. Here we report a study that has developed new diagnostic tools to identify the DNA from three human-infecting Schistosoma species within water samples. This "environmental DNA" (eDNA) approach requires the filtering and laboratory analyses of water samples, and avoids the requirements to locate, identify and individually test the infectious status of host snails. Our results showed that eDNA methods detect the presence of the parasite in freshwater bodies. However, there is need for further refinement for sampling and laboratory techniques to improve the performance of the assays. We anticipate that eDNA approaches will provide information on the distribution and abundance the water-borne parasites, and potentially contribute to the control and elimination of schistosomiasis.
- Subjects
TANZANIA; TREMATODA; DNA synthesis; SCHISTOSOMA; SCHISTOSOMIASIS; PARASITOLOGY; SCHISTOSOMA mansoni; DNA
- Publication
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 2020, Vol 14, Issue 3, p1
- ISSN
1935-2727
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1371/journal.pntd.0008129