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- Title
Distinct immunomodulatory properties of extracellular vesicles released by different strains of Acanthamoeba.
- Authors
Costa, Adriana Oliveira; Chagas, Isabela Aurora Rodrigues; Menezes‐Neto, Armando; Rêgo, Felipe Dutra; Nogueira, Paula Monalisa; Torrecilhas, Ana Claudia; Furst, Cinthia; Fux, Blima; Soares, Rodrigo Pedro
- Abstract
Free living amoeba of the genus Acanthamoeba are opportunist protozoan involved in corneal, systemic, and encephalic infections in humans. Most of the mechanisms underlying intraspecies variations and pathogenicity are still unknown. Recently, the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) by Acanthamoeba was reported. However, comparative characterization of EVs from distinct strains is not available. The aim of this study was to evaluate EVs produced by Acanthamoeba from different genotypes, comparing their proteases profile and immunomodulatory properties. EVs from four environmental or clinical strains (genotypes T1, T2, T4, and T11) were obtained by ultracentrifugation, quantitated by nanoparticle tracking analysis and analyzed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Proteases profile was determined by zymography and functional properties of EVs (measure of nitrite and cytokine production) were determined after peritoneal macrophage stimulation. Despite their genotype, all strains released EVs and no differences in size and/or concentration were detected. EVs exhibited a predominant activity of serine proteases (pH 7.4 and 3.5), with higher intensity in T4 and T1 strains. EVs from the environmental, nonpathogenic T11 strain exhibited a more proinflammatory profile, inducing higher levels of Nitrite, tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin‐6 via TLR4/TLR2 than those strains with pathogenic traits (T4, T1, and T2). Preincubation with EVs treated with protease inhibitors or heating drastically decreased nitrite concentration production in macrophages. Those data suggest that immunomodulatory effects of EVs may reflect their pathogenic potential depending on the Acanthamoeba strains and are dependent on protease integrity.
- Subjects
EXTRACELLULAR vesicles; SCANNING transmission electron microscopy; TUMOR necrosis factors; ACANTHAMOEBA; SERINE proteinases
- Publication
Cell Biology International, 2021, Vol 45, Issue 5, p1060
- ISSN
1065-6995
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1002/cbin.11551