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- Title
Built structures influence patterns of energy demand and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions across countries.
- Authors
Haberl, Helmut; Löw, Markus; Perez-Laborda, Alejandro; Matej, Sarah; Plank, Barbara; Wiedenhofer, Dominik; Creutzig, Felix; Erb, Karl-Heinz; Duro, Juan Antonio
- Abstract
Built structures, i.e. the patterns of settlements and transport infrastructures, are known to influence per-capita energy demand and CO2 emissions at the urban level. At the national level, the role of built structures is seldom considered due to poor data availability. Instead, other potential determinants of energy demand and CO2 emissions, primarily GDP, are more frequently assessed. We present a set of national-level indicators to characterize patterns of built structures. We quantify these indicators for 113 countries and statistically analyze the results along with final energy use and territorial CO2 emissions, as well as factors commonly included in national-level analyses of determinants of energy use and emissions. We find that these indicators are about equally important for predicting energy demand and CO2 emissions as GDP and other conventional factors. The area of built-up land per capita is the most important predictor, second only to the effect of GDP. Extent and spatial patterns of settlements and infrastructures strongly affect resource demand of national economies worldwide. Their influence on final energy and CO2 emissions is almost as large as that of gross domestic product (GDP).
- Subjects
ENERGY consumption; LAND settlement patterns; CARBON emissions; GROSS domestic product; GREENHOUSE gases; INFRASTRUCTURE (Economics)
- Publication
Nature Communications, 2023, Vol 14, Issue 1, p1
- ISSN
2041-1723
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1038/s41467-023-39728-3