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- Title
Rapid Cytokine Release Assays for Analysis of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2-Specific T Cells in Whole Blood.
- Authors
Törnell, Andreas; Wiktorin, Hanna Grauers; Ringlander, Johan; Arabpour, Mohammad; Nilsson, Malin R; Kiffin, Roberta; Lindh, Magnus; Lagging, Martin; Hellstrand, Kristoffer; Martner, Anna; Grauers Wiktorin, Hanna; Nilsson, Staffan
- Abstract
<bold>Background: </bold>Waning of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) complicates the diagnosis of past infection. The durability of T-cell memory against SARS-CoV-2 remains unclear, and most current T-cell protocols are unsuited for large-scale automation.<bold>Methods: </bold>Whole-blood samples from 31 patients with verified past coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and 46 controls, of whom 40 received COVID-19 vaccine, were stimulated with peptides spanning the nucleocapsid (NC) or spike 1 (S1) regions of SARS-CoV-2 and analyzed for interferon γ in supernatant plasma. Diagnostic accuracy of these assays was evaluated against serum anti-NC and anti-receptor-binding domain S1-IgG.<bold>Results: </bold>Induction of interferon γ in whole blood by NC or S1 peptides diagnosed past COVID-19 with high accuracy (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.93 and 0.95, respectively). In accordance with previous studies, NC-IgG levels rapidly waned with only 5 of 17 patients (29%) remaining seropositive >180 days after infection. By contrast, NC peptide-induced T-cell memory responses remained in 13 of 17 study participants (76%) >180 days after infection (P = .01 for comparison with NC-IgG; McNemar test). After 2 vaccine doses, all 18 donors exhibited S1-specific T-cell memory.<bold>Conclusions: </bold>Cytokine release assays for the monitoring of T-cell memory in whole blood may be useful for evaluating complications following unverified past COVID-19 and for long-term assessment of vaccine-induced T-cell immunity.<bold>Clinical Trials Registration: </bold>EudraCT 2021-000349-42.
- Publication
Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2022, Vol 226, Issue 2, p208
- ISSN
0022-1899
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1093/infdis/jiac005