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- Title
Cellular dynamics of double fertilization and early embryogenesis in flowering plants.
- Authors
Shin, Ji Min; Yuan, Ling; Ohme‐Takagi, Masaru; Kawashima, Tomokazu
- Abstract
Flowering plants (angiosperms) perform a unique double fertilization in which two sperm cells fuse with two female gamete cells in the embryo sac to develop a seed. Furthermore, during land plant evolution, the mode of sexual reproduction has been modified dramatically from motile sperm in the early‐diverging land plants, such as mosses and ferns as well as some gymnosperms (Ginkgo and cycads) to nonmotile sperm that are delivered to female gametes by the pollen tube in flowering plants. Recent studies have revealed the cellular dynamics and molecular mechanisms for the complex series of double fertilization processes and elucidated differences and similarities between animals and plants. Here, together with a brief comparison with animals, we review the current understanding of flowering plant zygote dynamics, covering from gamete nuclear migration, karyogamy, and polyspermy block, to zygotic genome activation as well as asymmetrical division of the zygote. Further analyses of the detailed molecular and cellular mechanisms of flowering plant fertilization should shed light on the evolution of the unique sexual reproduction of flowering plants. Research Highlights: With a comparison to animal systems, this review highlights cellular dynamics of flowering plant zygote, from gamete nuclear migration, karyogamy and polyspermy block, to zygotic genome activation as well as asymmetrical division of the zygote.
- Subjects
FLOWERING of plants; ANGIOSPERMS; OVUM; PLANT fertilization; EMBRYOLOGY; GINKGO; FERNS
- Publication
Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular & Developmental Evolution, 2021, Vol 336, Issue 8, p642
- ISSN
1552-5007
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1002/jez.b.22981