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- Title
The cardiorespiratory activation response at an arousal from sleep is independent of the level of CO<sub>2</sub>.
- Authors
Trinder, John; Ivens, Clare; Kleiman, Jan; Kleverlaan, Darci; White, David P.
- Abstract
Arousal from sleep is associated with transient cardiorespiratory activation. Traditionally, this response has been understood to be a consequence of state-dependent changes in the homeostatic control of ventilation. The hypothesis predicts that the magnitude of ventilatory and cardiac responses at an arousal will be a function of the intensity of concurrent respiratory stimuli (primarily PCO2). Alternatively, it has been proposed that increased cardiorespiratory activity is due to reflex activation. This hypothesis predicts that the magnitude of the cardiorespiratory response will be independent of respiratory stimuli. To compare these hypotheses we measured minute ventilation ( Vi), heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) during wakefulness and stage 2 sleep, while manipulating PetCO2. Further, we assessed the magnitude of the response of these variables to an arousal from sleep at the various levels of PetCO2. The subjects were male aged 18–25 years. PetCO2 was manipulated by clamping it at four levels during wakefulness [wake eucapnic, sleep eucapnic (Low), and sleep eucapnic +3 mmHg (Medium) and +6 mmHg (High)] and three levels during sleep (Low, Medium and High). The average number of determinations for each subject at each level was 14 during wakefulness and 25 during sleep. Arousals were required to meet American Sleep Disorders Association criteria and were without body movement. The results indicated that average increases in Vi, HR and BP at arousal from sleep did not significantly differ as a function of the level of PetCO2 present at the time of the arousal (all P > 0.05). Further, the magnitude of the ventilatory response to an arousal was significantly less than the values predicted by the homeostatic hypothesis ( P < 0.05). We conclude that, in normal subjects, the cardiorespiratory response to an arousal from sleep is not because of a homeostatic response, but of a reflex activation.
- Subjects
SLEEP-wake cycle; CONSCIOUSNESS; SLEEP disorders; CARDIOPULMONARY system; RESPIRATORY organs; REFLEXES
- Publication
Journal of Sleep Research, 2006, Vol 15, Issue 2, p174
- ISSN
0962-1105
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1111/j.1365-2869.2006.00513.x