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- Title
N-Eicosapentaenoyl Dopamine, A Conjugate of Dopamine and Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA), Exerts Anti-inflammatory Properties in Mouse and Human Macrophages.
- Authors
Augimeri, Giuseppina; Plastina, Pierluigi; Gionfriddo, Giulia; Rovito, Daniela; Giordano, Cinzia; Fazio, Alessia; Barone, Ines; Catalano, Stefania; Andò, Sebastiano; Bonofiglio, Daniela; Meijerink, Jocelijn; Witkamp, Renger
- Abstract
A large body of evidence suggests that dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), contribute to a reduced inflammatory tone thereby lowering the risk for several chronic and degenerative diseases. Different mechanisms have been proposed to explain these anti-inflammatory effects, including those involving endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-like molecules. In this context, fatty acid amides (FAAs), conjugates of fatty acids with amines or amino acids, are an emerging class of compounds. Dopamine conjugates of DHA (N-docosahexaenoyl dopamine, DHDA) and EPA (N-eicosapentaenoyl dopamine, EPDA) have previously been shown to induce autophagy, apoptosis, and cell death in different tumor lines. Additionally, DHDA has displayed anti-inflammatory properties in vitro. Here, we tested the immune-modulatory properties of EPDA in mouse RAW 264.7 and human THP-1 macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). EPDA suppressed the production of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in both cell lines, and nitric oxide (NO), and macrophage-inflammatory protein-3α (MIP3A) in RAW 264.7 macrophages. At a transcriptional level, EPDA attenuated cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in both cell lines and that of MCP-1, IL-6, and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in THP-1 macrophages. Although further research is needed to reveal whether EPDA is an endogenous metabolite, our data suggest that this EPA-derived conjugate possesses interesting immune-modulating properties.
- Subjects
CYTOKINES; DOPAMINE; DRUGS; INFLAMMATION; MACROPHAGES; MICE; MOLECULAR structure; NEUROTRANSMITTERS; UNSATURATED fatty acids; EICOSAPENTAENOIC acid
- Publication
Nutrients, 2019, Vol 11, Issue 9, p2247
- ISSN
2072-6643
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.3390/nu11092247