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- Title
β-Funaltrexamine Displayed Anti-Inflammatory and Neuroprotective Effects in Cells and Rat Model of Stroke.
- Authors
Wu, Chih-Cheng; Chang, Cheng-Yi; Shih, Kuei-Chung; Hung, Chih-Jen; Wang, Ya-Yu; Lin, Shih-Yi; Chen, Wen-Ying; Kuan, Yu-Hsiang; Liao, Su-Lan; Wang, Wen-Yi; Chen, Chun-Jung
- Abstract
Chronic treatment involving opioids exacerbates both the risk and severity of ischemic stroke. We have provided experimental evidence showing the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of the μ opioid receptor antagonist β-funaltrexamine for neurodegenerative diseases in rat neuron/glia cultures and a rat model of cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion (I/R) injury. Independent of in vitro Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/interferon (IFN-γ)-stimulated neuron/glia cultures and in vivo cerebral I/R injury in Sprague–Dawley rats, β-funaltrexamine downregulated neuroinflammation and ameliorated neuronal degeneration. Alterations in microglia polarization favoring the classical activation state occurred in LPS/IFN-γ-stimulated neuron/glia cultures and cerebral I/R-injured cortical brains. β-funaltrexamine shifted the polarization of microglia towards the anti-inflammatory phenotype, as evidenced by decreased nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and prostaglandin E2, along with increased CD163 and arginase 1. Mechanistic studies showed that the suppression of microglia pro-inflammatory polarization by β-funaltrexamine was accompanied by the reduction of NF-κB, AP-1, cyclic AMP response element-binding protein, along with signal transducers and activators of transcription transcriptional activities and associated upstream activators. The effects of β-funaltrexamine are closely linked with its action on neuroinflammation by switching microglia polarization from pro-inflammatory towards anti-inflammatory phenotypes. These findings provide new insights into the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective mechanisms of β-funaltrexamine in combating neurodegenerative diseases, such as stroke.
- Subjects
MICROGLIA; CYCLIC adenylic acid; CEREBRAL ischemia; RAT diseases; STROKE; OPIOID receptors; INFLAMMATION
- Publication
International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2020, Vol 21, Issue 11, p3866
- ISSN
1661-6596
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.3390/ijms21113866