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- Title
Predictors of vitamin D biochemical status in a large sample of middle-aged male smokers in Finland.
- Authors
Brock, K. E.; Graubard, B. I.; Fraser, D. R.; Weinstein, S. J.; Stolzenberg-Solomon, R. Z.; Lim, U.; Tangrea, J. A.; Virtamo, J.; Ke, L.; Snyder, K.; Albanes, D.
- Abstract
Background/Objectives:As vitamin D deficiency is considered to be more common in regions with little solar ultraviolet (UV) light in winter, the aim of this study was to analyze predictors of vitamin D status by season within a large sample of male smokers from Finland, a country where there is negligible solar UV light in winter.Subjects/Methods:Vitamin D (measured by 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) nmol/l) and other serum constituents were assayed. Measured anthropometry, and self-reported dietary intake and physical activity (PA) were obtained and analyzed using stepwise multiple linear and logistic regression in 2271 middle-aged Finnish male smokers.Results:In all, 27% of the population in winter and 17% in summer had serum 25(OH)D levels of <25 nmol/l, respectively. In summer, in multiple logistic regression analyses with adjustment for confounding and other predictors, high vitamin D intake (odds ratios (OR) 3.6; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5–8.5), some leisure time PA (OR 2.0; 95% CI 1.3–3.1) and having a body mass index (BMI) of 21 kg/m2 compared with <21 kg/m2 (OR 2.6; 95% CI 1.3–5.0), were associated with 25(OH)D 25 nmol/l. In winter, additional modifiable factors were occupational PA (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.1–2.5) and high fish (OR 3.1; 95% CI 1.7–6.2) or poultry consumption (OR 1.7; 95% CI 1.2–2.5). Predictors from linear regression analyses of continuous levels of 25(OH)D were similar to the logistic regression analyses of 25(OH)D 25 nmol/l.Conclusion:In this Finnish sample more vitamin D intake, PA and having a BMI of 21 may have important modifiable roles in maintaining an adequate vitamin D status.
- Subjects
FINLAND; HEALTH surveys; SMOKING; VITAMIN D in human nutrition; REGRESSION analysis
- Publication
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2010, Vol 64, Issue 3, p280
- ISSN
0954-3007
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1038/ejcn.2009.137