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- Title
A Potential Nervous Necrosis Virus (NNV) Live Vaccine for Sole Obtained by Genomic Modification.
- Authors
Vázquez-Salgado, Lucía; Souto, Sandra; Olveira, José G.; Bandín, Isabel
- Abstract
Simple Summary: Viral Encephalopathy and Retinopathy (VER) is a severe neurological disease that affects a wide range of fish species, especially at early stages of development. The disease is caused by the Nervous Necrosis Virus (NNV) and is of major global concern as no effective treatments have been described. Therefore, the objective of this study was to obtain an NNV live attenuated vaccine for sole by introducing point mutations in non-coding regions. Vaccination assays were performed on juvenile Senegalese sole by bath, intramuscular, and intraperitoneal injection, at two temperatures (18 and 22 °C); these trials revealed higher survival in vaccinated fish and poorer viral replication, while showing a significant immune response, therefore indicating that the attenuated strain is a good vaccine candidate. Viral Encephalopathy and Retinopathy (VER) is a neurological infectious fish disease that causes vacuolization and necrosis in the central nervous system, which lead to swimming abnormalities and, generally, host death in the early stages of development. VER is caused by the Nervous Necrosis Virus (NNV), a non-enveloped virus with a bisegmented and positive-stranded (+) RNA genome. The largest segment (RNA1) codes for viral polymerase while capsid protein is encoded by RNA2. The aim of this study was to explore the potential of a reverse-engineered RGNNV/SJNNV strain that harbors mutations in both 3′NCRs (position 3073 of RNA1 and 1408 and 1412 of RNA2) as an attenuated live vaccine for sole. The attenuation of this strain was confirmed through experimental infections in sole at 22 °C. Vaccination trials were performed by bath, intramuscular, and intraperitoneal injection, at two temperatures (18 and 22 °C). Our results indicate the improved survival of vaccinated fish and delayed and poorer viral replication, as well as an overexpression of immune response genes linked to T cell markers (cd4 and cd8), to an early inflammatory response (tlr7 and tnfα), and to antiviral activity (rtp3 and mx). In conclusion, our study indicates that the attenuated strain is a good vaccine candidate as it favors sole survival upon infection with the wt strain while inducing a significant immune response.
- Subjects
NECROSIS; T cells; INTRAPERITONEAL injections; FISH diseases; CENTRAL nervous system; VACCINES; CLASSICAL swine fever; EFFECT of temperature on fishes
- Publication
Animals (2076-2615), 2024, Vol 14, Issue 6, p983
- ISSN
2076-2615
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.3390/ani14060983