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- Title
Apocynin Suppresses Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Responses Through the Inhibition of MAP Kinase Signaling Pathway in RAW264.7 Cells.
- Authors
Hwang, Young ‐ Jae; Lee, Sung Joon; Park, Jin ‐ Young; Chun, Wanjoo; Nam, Seung ‐ Joo; Park, Jin Myung; Park, Sung Chul; Choi, Dae Hee; Kang, Chang Don
- Abstract
ABSTRACT Apocynin, an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase, exhibits anti-inflammatory properties in ulcerative colitis. However, the underlying mechanism by which apocynin exerts this effect has not been clearly demonstrated. The objective of this study was to elucidate the anti-inflammatory mechanism of apocynin in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged RAW264.7 macrophage cells. Apocynin inhibited LPS-induced extracellular secretion of the pro-inflammatory mediators, nitric oxide (NO) and PGE2 and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2. Apocynin also suppressed LPS-induced secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor-α and LPS-induced degradation of IκB, which retains NF-κB in the cytoplasm, consequently inhibiting the transcription of pro-inflammatory genes by NF-κB in the nucleus. To elucidate the underlying anti-inflammatory mechanism of apocynin, the involvement of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, c-jun N-terminal kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinases, and p38 was examined. Apocynin attenuated LPS-induced activation of all three MAP kinases in a concentration-dependent manner. The present study demonstrates apocynin exerts anti-inflammatory activity via the suppression of MAP kinase signaling pathways in LPS-challenged RAW264.7 macrophage cells. Drug Dev Res, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
- Subjects
PHYSIOLOGICAL effects of lipopolysaccharides; INFLAMMATION prevention; MITOGEN-activated protein kinases; ANTI-inflammatory agents; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2; NITRIC oxide
- Publication
Drug Development Research, 2016, Vol 77, Issue 6, p271
- ISSN
0272-4391
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1002/ddr.21321