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- Title
Biased Impartiality Among National Hockey League Referees.
- Authors
Lopez, Michael J.; Snyder, Kevin
- Abstract
This paper builds an economic model of referee behavior in the National Hockey League using period-specific, in-game data. Recognizing that referees are influenced by a desire for perceived fairness, this model isolates situations where a referee is more likely to call a penalty on one team. While prior research has focused on a systematic bias in favor of the home team, we find that referee bias also depends upon game-specific conditions that incentivize an evening of penalty calls. Refereeing games in this fashion maintains the integrity of the game, thus benefiting spectator perceptions and opportunities for financial returns.
- Subjects
FAIRNESS; NATIONAL Hockey League; HOCKEY referees; ECONOMIC models; SPORTS penalties; DATA analysis
- Publication
International Journal of Sport Finance, 2013, Vol 8, Issue 3, p208
- ISSN
1558-6235
- Publication type
Article