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- Title
Advanced Insights into Competitive Endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) Regulated Pathogenic Mechanisms in Metastatic Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (mTNBC).
- Authors
Qattan, Amal; Al-Tweigeri, Taher; Suleman, Kausar; Alkhayal, Wafa; Tulbah, Asma
- Abstract
Simple Summary: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is difficult to treat. This is partly because each tumor is different and there are few drugs that are effective against this disease. Further, the high mortality from TNBC is primarily attributable to its spread beyond the primary tumor site, or metastasis. There has been a lack of understanding of common factors affecting metastasis in TNBC and, consequently, continued difficulty in effectively treating this deadly disease. A re-emerging concept regarding the broad regulation of factors affecting disease is that of competitive endogenous RNA networks. The recent study of these networks and how they regulate metastatic processes in TNBC is providing new insights into the predominant molecular factors and cellular signaling pathways involved in the progression of this disease. Here, we review this research and what it may mean for patients with metastatic TNBC (mTNBC) and advancements that may improve their treatment. Triple-negative breast cancer is aggressive and challenging to treat because of a lack of targets and heterogeneity among tumors. A paramount factor in the mortality from breast cancer is metastasis, which is driven by genetic and phenotypic alterations that drive epithelial–mesenchymal transition, stemness, survival, migration and invasion. Many genetic and epigenetic mechanisms have been identified in triple-negative breast cancer that drive these metastatic phenotypes; however, this knowledge has not yet led to the development of effective drugs for metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (mTNBC). One that may not have received enough attention in the literature is post-translational regulation of broad sets of cancer-related genes through inhibitory microRNAs and the complex competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory networks they are influenced by. This field of study and the resulting knowledge regarding alterations in these networks is coming of age, enabling translation into clinical benefit for patients. Herein, we review metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (mTNBC), the role of ceRNA network regulation in metastasis (and therefore clinical outcomes), potential approaches for therapeutic exploitation of these alterations, knowledge gaps and future directions in the field.
- Subjects
EPITHELIAL-mesenchymal transition; CANCER invasiveness; MICRORNA; BREAST tumors; EPIGENOMICS; TREATMENT effectiveness; CELLULAR signal transduction; CELL motility; METASTASIS; GENETIC mutation; CELL survival; PHENOTYPES; GENOTYPES
- Publication
Cancers, 2024, Vol 16, Issue 17, p3057
- ISSN
2072-6694
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.3390/cancers16173057