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- Title
Toxicity of a Phytosterol Mixture to Grayling (Thymallus thymallus) during Early Developmental Stages.
- Authors
Honkanen, J. O.; Kostamo, A.; Kukkonen, J. V. K.
- Abstract
The study concerns the toxicity of a phytosterol mixture, ultrasitosterol, consisting mainly of β-sitosterol 75.7% and β-sitostanol 13.0%. to grayling (Thymallus thymallus) embryos. Eyed eggs were exposed to three concentrations (1μg/1, 10 μg/l, and 50 μg/l) of ultrasitosterol for 4 weeks. Embryos and later on hatched fry were taken for triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and histopathological analyses after 7, 14, 21, and 28 days of exposure. Most of the eggs (>95%) hatched during the first week of exposure, and ultrasitosterol treatment shortened hatching time significantly (p ⩽ 0.0001) at all exposure concentrations in comparison to the control. Ultrasitosterol did not have any significant effect on T3 or T4 levels in the embryo extracts. However, an interesting observation was that T3 levels increased in all treatments and in the control near the time of hatching. In conclusion, Ultrasitosterol showed potential to affect the development of grayling embryos and fry, but further longterm exposure experiments are needed to verify these changes in more detail.
- Subjects
GRAYLING; THYROID hormones; THYMALLUS; EGG incubation; EMBRYOS; EMBRYOLOGY
- Publication
Archives of Environmental Contamination & Toxicology, 2005, Vol 48, Issue 3, p391
- ISSN
0090-4341
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1007/s00244-003-9238-x