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- Title
Prenatal maternal PTSD as a risk factor for offspring ADHD: A register-based Swedish cohort study of 553 766 children and their mothers.
- Authors
Borgert, Michael; Melin, Amandah; Hollander, Anna-Clara; Rahman, Syed
- Abstract
Background. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is highly heritable, though environmental factors also play a role. Prenatal maternal stress is suggested to be one such factor, including exposure to highly distressing events that could lead to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The aim of this study is to investigate whether prenatal maternal PTSD is associated with offspring ADHD. Method. A register-based retrospective cohort study linking 553 766 children born in Sweden during 2006-2010 with their biological parents. Exposure: Prenatal PTSD. Outcome: Offspring ADHD. Logistic regression determined odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for ADHD in the offspring. Adjustments were made for potential covariates, including single parenthood and possible indicators of heredity measured as parental ADHD and maternal mental disorders other than PTSD. Subpopulations, excluding children with indicators of heredity, were investigated separately. Results. In the crude results, including all children, prenatal PTSD was associated with offspring ADHD (OR: 1.79, 95% CI: 1.37-2.34). In children with indicators of heredity, the likelihood was partly explained by it. Among children without indicators of heredity, PTSD was associated with offspring ADHD (OR: 2.32, 95% CI: 1.30-4.14), adjusted for confounders. Conclusions. Prenatal maternal PTSD is associated with offspring ADHDregardless of indicators of heredity, such as parentalADHDormaternalmental disorder other than PTSD. The association is partly explained by heredity and socioeconomic factors. If replicated in other populations, preferably using a sibling design, maternal PTSD could be identified as a risk factor for ADHD.
- Subjects
SWEDEN; POST-traumatic stress disorder; ATTENTION-deficit hyperactivity disorder; COHORT analysis; BIRTHPARENTS; MENTAL illness
- Publication
European Psychiatry, 2024, Vol 67, Issue 1, p1
- ISSN
0924-9338
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1192/j.eurpsy.2024.21