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- Title
Synthesis and Characterization of Carbon and Carbon-Nitrogen Doped Black TiO 2 Nanomaterials and Their Application in Sonophotocatalytic Remediation of Treated Agro-Industrial Wastewater.
- Authors
Rahman, Saifur; Nawaz, Rab; Khan, Javed Akbar; Ullah, Habib; Irfan, Muhammad; Glowacz, Adam; Lyp-Wronska, Katarzyna; Wzorek, Lukasz; Asif Khan, Mohammad Kamal; Jalalah, Mohammed; Alsaiari, Mabkhoot A.; Almawgani, Abdulkarem H.
- Abstract
The conventional open ponding system employed for palm oil mill agro-effluent (POME) treatment fails to lower the levels of organic pollutants to the mandatory standard discharge limits. In this work, carbon doped black TiO2 (CB-TiO2) and carbon-nitrogen co-doped black TiO2 (CNB-TiO2) were synthesized via glycerol assisted sol-gel techniques and employed for the remediation of treated palm oil mill effluent (TPOME). Both the samples were anatase phase, with a crystallite size of 11.09–22.18 nm, lower bandgap of 2.06–2.63 eV, superior visible light absorption ability, and a high surface area of 239.99–347.26 m2/g. The performance of CNB-TiO2 was higher (51.48%) compared to only (45.72%) CB-TiO2. Thus, the CNB-TiO2 is employed in sonophotocatalytic reactions. Sonophotocatalytic process based on CNB-TiO2, assisted by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and operated at an ultrasonication (US) frequency of 30 kHz and 40 W power under visible light irradiation proved to be the most efficient for chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal. More than 90% of COD was removed within 60 min of sonophotocatalytic reaction, producing the effluent with the COD concentration well below the stipulated permissible limit of 50 mg/L. The electrical energy required per order of magnitude was estimated to be only 177.59 kWh/m3, indicating extreme viability of the proposed process for the remediation of TPOME.
- Subjects
TITANIUM dioxide; CHEMICAL oxygen demand; PONDS; INDUSTRIAL wastes; SOL-gel processes; SEWAGE; HYDROGEN peroxide
- Publication
Materials (1996-1944), 2021, Vol 14, Issue 20, p6175
- ISSN
1996-1944
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.3390/ma14206175