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- Title
Walnut Polyphenol Extract Protects against Malathion- and Chlorpyrifos-Induced Immunotoxicity by Modulating TLRx-NOX-ROS.
- Authors
Zhao, Yue; Fan, Chang; Zhang, Ao; Zhang, Yue; Wang, Fengjun; Weng, Qiang; Xu, Meiyu
- Abstract
Malathion (MT) and chlorpyrifos (CPF) are immunotoxic organophosphate pesticides that are used extensively in agriculture worldwide. Dietary polyphenols protect against a variety of toxins. In this study, walnut polyphenol extract (WPE) prevents MT- or CPF-induced toxicity to splenic lymphocytes in vitro. WPE promotes the proliferation of MT-exposed splenocytes, as indicated by increases in the proportions of splenic T-lymphocyte subpopulations (CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T cells) and levels of T-cell-related cytokines interleukin (IL)-2, interferon-γ, IL-4, and granzyme B, and decreases the apoptosis-associated proteins Bax and p53. WPE also significantly enhances the proliferation of CPF-exposed splenic B lymphocytes (CD19+ B cells) and levels of the B-cell-related cytokine IL-6, leading to decreases of the apoptosis-associated proteins Bax and p53. These effects are related to reduced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), as evidenced by normalized hydroxyl radical (•OH), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) levels, which are associated with decreased expression of NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) and dual oxidase 1 (DUOX1). WPE inhibits the production of ROS and expression of NOX by regulating toll-like receptors 4 and 7 in MT- and CPF-exposed splenic lymphocytes. In conclusion, WPE protects against MT- or CPF-mediated immunotoxicity and inhibits oxidative damage by modulating toll-like receptor (TLR)x-NOX-ROS.
- Subjects
REACTIVE oxygen species; APOPTOSIS; CATALASE; CYTOKINES; GLUTATHIONE; IMMUNE system; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE agents; INTERFERONS; INTERLEUKINS; MALATHION; POLYPHENOLS; SUPEROXIDE dismutase; T cells; WALNUT; MALONDIALDEHYDE; PLANT extracts; GLUTATHIONE peroxidase; IN vitro studies
- Publication
Nutrients, 2020, Vol 12, Issue 3, p616
- ISSN
2072-6643
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.3390/nu12030616