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- Title
Fathead minnow response to broad-range exposure of β-sitosterol concentrations during life-cycle testing.
- Authors
Flinders, Camille A.; Streblow, William R.; Philbeck, Raymond E.; Cook, Diana L.; Campbell, David E.; Brown‐Peterson, Nancy J.; Gross, Timothy S.
- Abstract
The β-sitosterol concentration in pulp and paper mill effluents is typically greater than that of other phytosterols and has been shown to cause a variety of effects in fish. The authors exposed fathead minnow ( Pimephales promelas) to low (22 ± 0.93 µg/L), medium-low (70 ± 2.1 µg/L), medium-high (237 ± 5.5 µg/L), and high (745 ± 16.2 µg/L) concentrations of β-sitosterol as well as negative (water), positive (ethynyl estradiol, 16 ± 0.58 ng/L), and carrier (0.6 mL/L acetone) controls. Fish were monitored over a full life cycle for population-level endpoints including growth and survival, reproductive endpoints (e.g. fecundity, sex steroids and vitellogenin, gonado-/hepatosomatic indices, and gonad histology). No significant differences were seen in fish growth, mortality, or reproduction with β-sitosterol exposure, although a trend for lower egg production in β-sitosterol exposures relative to the water control may be related to the acetone carrier. All ethynyl estradiol-exposed fish were smaller, showed female characteristics, and did not spawn. Sex steroid and vitellogenin were highly variable with no detectable treatment-related differences. Gonadal tissue showed no β-sitosterol-related differences in reproductive development and spawning capability, although most ethynyl estradiol-exposed males had ovarian tissue and were not spawning-capable. The results indicate that β-sitosterol exposure had little apparent impact on fathead minnow survival, growth, and reproduction even at concentrations >10 times that of typical effluents, although small sample size and variability precluded fully evaluating treatment responses on sex steroids and vitellogenin. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:458-467. © 2013 SETAC
- Subjects
PHYTOSTEROLS; FATHEAD minnow; PIMEPHALES; ETHINYL estradiol; ACETONE; ENVIRONMENTAL toxicology
- Publication
Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry, 2014, Vol 33, Issue 2, p458
- ISSN
0730-7268
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1002/etc.2440