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- Title
CCD series no-13: illustrating low-energy SWRO-CCD of 60% recovery and BWRO-CCD of 92% recovery with single element modules without energy recovery means—a theoretical extreme case study.
- Authors
Efraty, Avi
- Abstract
In contrast with the conventional SWRO and BWRO plug flow desalination (PFD) techniques where recovery depends on the number of lined membrane elements and energy consumption on the efficiency of energy recovery device (ERD), the newly conceived closed-circuit desalination (CCD) technologies enable the attainment of high recovery, irrespective of the number of elements per module with low energy consumption without need for ERD. The present theoretical model analysis describes the extreme performance prospects of CCD illustrated by a single-element SWRO–CCD unit performing up to 60% recovery with near absolute energy efficiency without need for ERD (e.g. 50% recovery; 13 lmh; 1.573 kWh/m3for 32,000 ppm NaCl feed equivalent to ocean seawater of 35,000 ppm) as well as by a single-element BWRO–CCD unit performing up to 92% recovery with low energy (e.g. 90% recovery; 25 lmh; 0.472 kWh/m3for 1,500 ppm NaCl feed equivalent to common brackish water sources of 1,700–2,000 ppm). Another illustration pertains to the performance of a single-element BWRO–CCD–PFD unit, wherein replacement of brine by fresh feed takes place at the end of each CCD sequence by a brief PFD step with results showing only a minor increase in energy consumption compared with that of BWRO–CCD (e.g. 90% recovery; 25 lmh; 0.488 kWh/m3for 1,500 ppm NaCl feed). The illustrated theoretical model’s results show good agreement with experimental data and manifest the conceptual differences between CCD and conventional RO techniques at their extreme.
- Subjects
BRACKISH waters; REVERSE osmosis (Water purification); SALINE water conversion processes; SOLAR energy; WIND turbines; EQUIPMENT &; supplies
- Publication
Desalination & Water Treatment, 2016, Vol 57, Issue 20, p9148
- ISSN
1944-3994
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1080/19443994.2015.1035495