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- Title
The Effect of Calcium Plus Vitamin D on Risk for Invasive Cancer: Results of the Women's Health Initiative Calcium Plus Vitamin D Randomized Clinical Trial.
- Authors
Brunner, Robert L.; Wactawski-Wende, Jean; Caan, Bette J.; Cochrane, Barbara B.; Chlebowski, Rowan T.; Gass, Margery L. S.; Jacobs, Elizabeth T.; LaCroix, Andrea Z.; Lane, Dorothy; Larson, Joseph; Margolis, Karen L.; Millen, Amy E.; Sarto, Gloria E.; Vitolins, Mara Z.; Wallace, Robert B.
- Abstract
In the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) trial of calcium plus vitamin D (CaD), we examined the treatment effect on incidence and mortality for all invasive cancers. Postmenopausal women (N = 36,282) were randomized to 1,000 mg of elemental calcium with 400 IU vitamin D3 or placebo. Cox models estimated risk of cancer incidence and mortality. After 7 years, 1,306 invasive cancers were diagnosed in the supplement and 1,333 in the placebo group [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.98; CI = 0.90, 1.05, unweighted p = 0.54]. Mortality did not differ between supplement (315, annualized (%) = 0.26) and placebo [(347, 0.28%; p = 0.17; HR = 0.90 (0.77, 1.05)]. Significant treatment interactions on incident cancer were found for family history of cancer, personal total intake of vitamin D, smoking, and WHI dietary trial randomized group. Calcium/vitamin D supplementation did not reduce invasive cancer incidence or mortality. Supplementation lowered cancer risk in the WHI healthy diet trial arm and in women without a first-degree relative with cancer. The interactions are only suggestive given multiple testing considerations. The low vitamin D dose provided, limited adherence, and lack of serum 25(OH)D values should be considered when interpreting these findings.
- Subjects
CALCIUM supplements; VITAMIN D; CANCER risk factors
- Publication
Journal of South Asian Federation of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 2014, Vol 6, Issue 1, p64
- ISSN
0974-8938
- Publication type
Abstract
- DOI
10.1080/01635581.2011.594208