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- Title
Graded Associations of Blood Lead and Urinary Cadmium Concentrations with Oxidative-Stress-Related Markers in the U.S. Population: Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
- Authors
Duk-Hee Lee; Ji-Sun Lim; Kyungeun Song; Yongchool Boo; Jacobs Jr., David R.
- Abstract
Although oxidative stress has been proposed as a mechanism of lead and cadmium toxicity mostly based on in vitro experiments or animal studies, it is uncertain whether this mechanism is relevant in the pathogenesis of lead- or cadmium-related diseases in the general population with low environmental exposure to lead and cadmium. We examined associations of blood lead and urinary cadmium levels with oxidative stress markers of serum γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT), vitamin C, carotenoids, and vitamin E among 10,098 adult participants in the third U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. After adjusting for race, sex, and age (plus serum total cholesterol in the case of serum carotenoids and vitamin E), blood lead and urinary cadmium levels both showed graded associations, positive with serum GGT and inverse with serum vitamin C, carotenoids, and vitamin E (p for trend < 0.01, respectively). These associations were consistently observed among most subgroups: non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, men, women, all age groups, nondrinkers, drinkers, nonsmokers, ex-smokers, current smokers, and body mass index (< 25, 25–29.9, and ≥ 30). The strong association of blood lead and urinary cadmium levels with oxidative stress markers in this population suggests that oxidative stress should be considered in the pathogenesis of lead- and cadmium-related diseases even among people with low environmental exposure to lead and cadmium.
- Subjects
UNITED States; OXIDATIVE stress; HEALTH surveys; LEAD toxicology; CADMIUM; VITAMIN C; TOXICITY testing; CAROTENOIDS; CIGARETTE smokers
- Publication
Environmental Health Perspectives, 2006, Vol 114, Issue 3, p350
- ISSN
0091-6765
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1289/ehp.8518