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- Title
Anti-Pythium activity of ZzAMP, a serine protease inhibitor (SPI) from Zingiber zerumbet rhizome, mediated by zoospore binding and oxidative stress.
- Authors
Raj, Sharmila; Nair, R. Aswati
- Abstract
An abundance of protease inhibitors (PIs) in plant storage organs signifies their importance in plant defense. In below-ground storage tissues of resistant plants, PIs which are antimicrobial proteins (AMPs) stall host plant invasion, mediated by secretory proteases of necrotrophic soil-borne phytopathogens like Pythium spp., through competitive inhibition. A serine PI designated ZzAMP isolated from Zingiber zerumbet rhizomes was investigated for its inhibitory effect to zoospores of Pythium myriotylum, the etiological agent for soft rot disease, a major problem confronting ginger productivity. P. myriotylum zoospore inhibition by ZzAMP was observed to be optimal at pH 8.0 (79 ± 3.5%) with considerable stability at alkaline pH 12.0 (71 ± 1%). The optimal temperature yielding zoospore inhibition was determined as 45 °C (77.1 ± 0.2%) with protein stability observed over a wide range of temperatures from 25 to 65 °C. Peroxidase-dependent staining using 3, 3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB) to detect the generation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by Pythium zoospores revealed browning of spores due to DAB stain uptake in ZzAMP treated spores compared to control, indicative of H2O2 burst. Localization experiments with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled ZzAMP detected the labeled protein on the zoospore surface. Experiments thus revealed the mechanistic basis of zoospore inhibition by ZzAMP, which is of relevance considering the role of zoospores in mediating rapid disease spread and host invasion by Pythium species. The present study signifies the potential of ZzAMP in the development of formulations with applications in soft-rot disease control.
- Subjects
ZOOSPORES; PROTEASE inhibitors; OXIDATIVE stress; ZINGIBER; SERINE; PROTEIN stability
- Publication
European Journal of Plant Pathology, 2022, Vol 164, Issue 3, p429
- ISSN
0929-1873
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1007/s10658-022-02549-z