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- Title
Determination and risk assessment of UV filters and benzotriazole UV stabilizers in wastewater from a wastewater treatment plant in Lüneburg, Germany.
- Authors
Ajibola, Akinranti S.; Reich, Marco; Kümmerer, Klaus
- Abstract
UV filters and benzotriazole UV stabilizers are considered emerging contaminants in the environment. LC–MS/MS and GC–MS methods, involving a single solid phase extraction protocol, were developed and validated to determine eight UV filters and seven UV stabilizers, respectively in wastewater from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Lüneburg, Germany. The LC–MS/MS method exhibited extraction recoveries of ≥ 71% at six different fortification levels with limits of detection (LODs) range of 0.02 ng mL−1 – 0.09 ng mL−1. Extraction recoveries of 47 to 119% at six different fortification levels were obtained for the GC–MS method with LODs range of 0.01 – 0.09 ng mL−1. Among the UV filters, the highest mean concentration was determined for octocrylene (OCR) in influent (3.49 ng mL−1) while the highest mean concentration was measured for 2-hydroxy-4-octyloxybenzophenone (UV 531) in influent (0.44 ng mL−1) among the UV stabilizers. Potential risk to aquatic organisms was assessed by the risk quotient approach. Only OCR presented a high risk to aquatic invertebrates whereas 2-ethylhexyl 4-methoxycinnamate (EHMC) and 2-ethylhexyl salicylate (EHS) posed high risks to algae. Benzotriazole UV stabilizers presented negligible risks to aquatic invertebrates and fish. This work reports the detection of rarely studied 4-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) and UV 531 in WWTP influent and effluent. The occurrence and risk assessment of target benzotriazole UV stabilizers in wastewater from a German WWTP was demonstrated for the first time.
- Subjects
EMERGING contaminants; SEWAGE disposal plants; SOLID phase extraction; AQUATIC invertebrates; HYGIENE products
- Publication
Environmental Monitoring & Assessment, 2024, Vol 196, Issue 8, p1
- ISSN
0167-6369
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1007/s10661-024-12853-2