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- Title
Association between Daily Dietary Calcium Intake and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) in Postmenopausal Korean Women.
- Authors
Lee, Jae Kyung; Tran, Thi Minh Chau; Choi, Euna; Baek, Jinkyung; Kim, Hae-Rim; Kim, Heeyon; Yun, Bo Hyon; Seo, Seok Kyo
- Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the association between daily dietary calcium intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in postmenopausal women using data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). This cross-sectional study included 12,348 women aged 45–70 years who had reached natural menopause. They were classified into three groups according to daily dietary calcium intake: <400 mg, 400–800 mg, and >800 mg. The risks of CVD, stroke, angina, and myocardial infarction were assessed in each group. Further, we performed subgroup analysis according to the post-menopause duration (≤10 vs. >10 postmenopausal years). We performed logistic regression analysis with adjustment for age, menopausal age, income, urban area, education, insulin use, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, high alcohol intake, smoking, exercise, oral contraceptive use, and hormonal therapy use. Calcium intake level was not significantly associated with the risk of CVD in the total population and the ≤10 postmenopausal years subgroup. However, in the >10 postmenopausal years subgroup, daily calcium intake >800 mg was associated with significantly decreased risks of all CVD (odds ratio [OR], 0.27; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.11–0.64), stroke (OR, 0.06; 95% CI, 0.01–0.42), and myocardial infarction (OR, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.11–0.64). Our findings suggest that a dietary calcium intake of >800 mg/day decreases the risk of CVD events in women who have been menopausal for >10 years.
- Subjects
SOUTH Korea; MYOCARDIAL infarction risk factors; DIABETES complications; INSULIN therapy; COMPLICATIONS of alcoholism; CROSS-sectional method; ANGINA pectoris; FOOD consumption; WOMEN; INCOME; BODY mass index; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; EXERCISE; LOGISTIC regression analysis; HYPERTENSION; SMOKING; CARDIOVASCULAR diseases risk factors; DIETARY calcium; POSTMENOPAUSE; DESCRIPTIVE statistics; AGE distribution; ODDS ratio; METROPOLITAN areas; HORMONE therapy; STROKE; CONTRACEPTION; CONFIDENCE intervals; EDUCATIONAL attainment; DISEASE risk factors; DISEASE complications
- Publication
Nutrients, 2024, Vol 16, Issue 7, p1043
- ISSN
2072-6643
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.3390/nu16071043