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- Title
Cigarette smoke condensate affects the collagen-degrading ability of human gingival fibroblasts.
- Authors
Zhang, W.; Song, F.; Windsor, L. J.
- Abstract
Background and Objective: Cigarette smoke condensate, the particulate matter of cigarette smoke, is composed of thousands of chemicals, including nicotine. Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for periodontal disease. This study investigated the influence of cigarette smoke condensate on the collagen-degrading ability of human gingival fibroblasts and its mechanism. Material and Methods: Human gingival fibroblasts were exposed for 72 h to various concentrations of total particulate matter cigarette smoke condensate. Cell proliferation and cytotoxicity were evaluated using water-soluble tetrazolium-1 and lactate dehydrogenase, respectively. The collagen-degrading ability of human gingival fibroblasts was evaluated in collagen-coated six-well plates. Conditioned media and membrane extracts were collected for zymography and western blot analyses of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). Results: Cell proliferation decreased and cytotoxicity increased in human gingival fibroblasts with increasing concentrations of cigarette smoke condensate. Cell proliferation decreased by more than 50% ( p < 0.05) when the concentrations of total particulate matter cigarette smoke condensate were above 200 μg/mL, and cytotoxicity increased to more than 30% ( p < 0.05) when the concentrations of total particulate matter cigarette smoke condensate were above 400 μg/mL. Cigarette smoke condensate increased the collagen-degrading ability of human gingival fibroblasts, especially at a concentration of 100 μg/mL (1.5-fold increase, p < 0.05) compared with the control. Cigarette smoke condensate increased the production of proMMP-1, proMMP-2, MMP-14 and TIMP-1, and decreased the production of TIMP-2, in conditioned media. Furthermore, compared with the control group, cigarette smoke condensate increased the production of MMP-2, MMP-14 and TIMP-2 in membrane extracts, especially at concentrations of 50–100 μg/mL. Conclusion: Cigarette smoke condensate affects human gingival fibroblast proliferation and is toxic at total particulate matter cigarette smoke condensate concentrations of ≥ 400 μg/mL. Cigarette smoke condensate can increase the collagen-degrading ability of human gingival fibroblasts by altering the production and localization of MMPs and TIMPs.
- Subjects
CIGARETTE smokers; FIBROBLASTS; COLLAGEN diseases; PERIODONTAL disease; CELL proliferation
- Publication
Journal of Periodontal Research, 2009, Vol 44, Issue 6, p704
- ISSN
0022-3484
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1111/j.1600-0765.2008.01179.x