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- Title
Evaluating and Visualizing the Contribution of ECG Characteristic Waveforms for PPG-Based Blood Pressure Estimation.
- Authors
Ma, Gang; Chen, Yuhang; Zhu, Wenliang; Zheng, Lesong; Tang, Hui; Yu, Yong; Wang, Lirong
- Abstract
Non-invasive continuous blood pressure monitoring is of great significance for the preventing, diagnosing, and treating of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Studies have demonstrated that photoplethysmogram (PPG) and electrocardiogram (ECG) signals can effectively and continuously predict blood pressure (BP). However, most of the BP estimation models focus on the waveform features of the PPG signal, while the peak value of R-wave in ECG is only used as a time reference, and few references investigated the ECG waveforms. This paper aims to evaluate the influence of three characteristic waveforms in ECG on the improvement of BP estimation. PPG is the primary signal, and five input combinations are formed by adding ECG, P wave, QRS complex, T wave, and none. We employ five common convolutional neural networks (CNN) to validate the consistency of the contribution. Meanwhile, with the visualization of Gradient-weighted class activation mapping (Grad-CAM), we generate the heat maps and further visualize the distribution of CNN's attention to each waveform of PPG and ECG. The heat maps show that networks pay more attention to the QRS complex and T wave. In the comparison results, the QRS complex and T wave have more contribution to minimizing errors than P wave. By separately adding P wave, QRS complex, and T wave, the average MAE of these networks reaches 7.87 mmHg, 6.57 mmHg, and 6.21 mmHg for systolic blood pressure (SBP), and 4.27 mmHg, 3.65 mmHg, and 3.73 mmHg, respectively, for diastolic blood pressure (DBP). The results of the experiment show that QRS complex and T wave deserves more attention and feature extraction like PPG waveform features in the continuous BP estimation.
- Subjects
PHOTOPLETHYSMOGRAPHY; DIASTOLIC blood pressure; BLOOD pressure; SYSTOLIC blood pressure; CONVOLUTIONAL neural networks; ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY; FEATURE extraction
- Publication
Micromachines, 2022, Vol 13, Issue 9, p1438
- ISSN
2072-666X
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.3390/mi13091438