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- Title
Treatment of Spider Phobia Using Repeated Exposures and Adjunctive Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: A Proof-of-Concept Study.
- Authors
Leuchter, Michael K.; Rosenberg, Benjamin M.; Schapira, Giuditta; Wong, Nicole R.; Leuchter, Andrew F.; McGlade, Anastasia L.; Krantz, David E.; Ginder, Nathaniel D.; Lee, Jonathan C.; Wilke, Scott A.; Tadayonnejad, Reza; Levitt, Jennifer; Marder, Katharine G.; Craske, Michelle G.; Iacoboni, Marco
- Abstract
Background: Specific phobias represent the largest category of anxiety disorders. Previous work demonstrated that stimulating the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) with repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) may improve response to exposure therapy for acrophobia. Objective: To examine feasibility of accelerating extinction learning in subjects with spider phobia using intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation (iTBS) rTMS of vmPFC. Methods: In total, 17 subjects with spider phobia determined by spider phobia questionnaires [Spider Phobia Questionnaire (SPQ) and Fear of Spiders questionnaire (FSQ)] underwent ratings of fear of spiders as well as behavioral and skin conductance data during a behavioral avoidance test (BAT). Subjects then received a sequential protocol of in vivo spider exposure followed by iTBS for three sessions administered to either active or control treatment sites (vmPFC [n = 8] or vertex [n = 9], respectively), followed 1 week later by repetition of questionnaires and BAT. All subjects improved significantly regardless of group across both questionnaires (FSQ η 2 = 0.43, p = 0.004; SPQ η 2 = 0.39, p = 0.008) and skin conductance levels during BAT (Wald χ 2 = 30.9, p < 0.001). Subjects in the vmPFC group tolerated lower treatment intensity than in the control group, and there was a significant correlation between treatment intensity, BAT subjective distress improvement, and physiologic measures (all ρ > 0.5). Conclusion: This proof-of-concept study provides preliminary evidence that a sequential exposure and iTBS over vmPFC is feasible and may have rTMS intensitydependent effects on treatment outcomes, providing evidence for future areas of study in the use of rTMS for phobias.
- Publication
Frontiers in Psychiatry, 2022, Vol 13, p1
- ISSN
1664-0640
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.3389/fpsyt.2022.823158