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- Title
Low-intensity daily smoking and cause-specific mortality in Mexico: prospective study of 150 000 adults.
- Authors
Thomson, Blake; Tapia-Conyer, Roberto; Lacey, Ben; Lewington, Sarah; Ramirez-Reyes, Raúl; Aguilar-Ramirez, Diego; Gnatiuc, Louisa; Herrington, William G; Torres, Jason; Trichia, Eirini; Wade, Rachel; Collins, Rory; Peto, Richard; Kuri-Morales, Pablo; Alegre-Díaz, Jesus; Emberson, Jonathan R
- Abstract
<bold>Background: </bold>Research is needed to determine the relevance of low-intensity daily smoking to mortality in countries such as Mexico, where such smoking habits are common.<bold>Methods: </bold>Prospective study of 159 755 Mexican adults recruited from 1998-2004 and followed for cause-specific mortality to 1 January 2018. Participants were categorized according to baseline self-reported smoking status. Confounder-adjusted mortality rate ratios (RRs) at ages 35-89 were estimated using Cox regression, after excluding those with previous chronic disease (to avoid reverse causality).<bold>Results: </bold>Among 42 416 men and 86 735 women aged 35-89 and without previous disease, 18 985 men (45%) and 18 072 women (21%) reported current smoking and 8866 men (21%) and 53 912 women (62%) reported never smoking. Smoking less than daily was common: 33% of male current smokers and 39% of female current smokers. During follow-up, the all-cause mortality RRs associated with the baseline smoking categories of <10 cigarettes per day (average during follow-up 4 per day) or ≥10 cigarettes per day (average during follow-up 10 per day), compared with never smoking, were 1.17 (95% confidence interval 1.10-1.25) and 1.54 (1.42-1.67), respectively. RRs were similar irrespective of age or sex. The diseases most strongly associated with daily smoking were respiratory cancers, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and gastrointestinal and vascular diseases. Ex-daily smokers had substantially lower mortality rates than those who were current daily smokers at recruitment.<bold>Conclusions: </bold>In this Mexican population, low-intensity daily smoking was associated with increased mortality. Of those smoking 10 cigarettes per day on average, about one-third were killed by their habit. Quitting substantially reduced these risks.
- Subjects
MEXICO; ADULTS; SMOKING; HEART disease related mortality; OBSTRUCTIVE lung diseases; MORTALITY; LONGITUDINAL method; CAUSES of death; RESEARCH; RESEARCH methodology; MEDICAL cooperation; EVALUATION research; COMPARATIVE studies; RESEARCH funding
- Publication
International Journal of Epidemiology, 2021, Vol 50, Issue 3, p955
- ISSN
0300-5771
- Publication type
journal article
- DOI
10.1093/ije/dyab013