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- Title
Levamisole-induced and COVID-19-induced retiform purpura: two overlapping, emerging clinical syndromes.
- Authors
Keim, Catherine K.; Schwartz, Robert A.; Kapila, Rajendra
- Abstract
Levamisole exposure in cocaine users is a well-recognized cause of retiform purpura, a distinctive net-like maculopapular patch. Prolonged exposure to levamisole can lead to a serious systemic syndrome known as levamisole-induced vasculitis, most commonly involving the kidneys and lungs. More recently, retiform purpura has been observed in patients with the novel coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19). Due to their overlapping dermatologic and systemic manifestations, levamisole-induced and COVID-19-induced retiform purpura may mimic one another in clinical presentation. The possibility that patients may present with one or both syndromes creates a diagnostic challenge. This review of levamisole-induced and COVID-19-induced retiform purpura highlights their corresponding and distinctive features. Additionally, we propose a unique staging system for levamisole-induced retiform purpura that may be valid for future classification of COVID-19-induced retiform purpura.
- Subjects
SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; SYNDROMES; SYMPTOMS; CORONAVIRUS diseases; COCAINE-induced disorders; LEVAMISOLE
- Publication
Archives of Dermatological Research, 2023, Vol 315, Issue 2, p265
- ISSN
0340-3696
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1007/s00403-021-02303-1