Understanding Iran's Non-State Network.

RUEHL, JOHN P.

Iran has a long history of utilizing militant groups to advance its geopolitical interests in the Middle East. These groups, including Hamas, Hezbollah, and the Houthis, have received training, funding, and weapons assistance from Iran's Quds Force. Iran's strategy involves transforming these militant forces into powerful political actors, allowing Tehran to challenge Israel directly and criticize Arab governments growing closer to Israel. While Iran denies prior knowledge of attacks by these groups, it has expressed public support for them. However, not all of Iran's associates align completely with Tehran's interests. Hezbollah has emerged as Iran's most important non-state ally, with significant military forces and political influence in Lebanon. Iran's militant network in Syria has also grown, and pro-Iranian Iraqi Shia militant groups have increased attacks against US forces in Iraq. The Houthis in Yemen have disrupted global trade and raised doubts over the US's ability to ensure open sea lanes. Iran's cultivation of militant groups and political exploitation is not without risk, as it has only varying degrees of control over these groups and faces internal rivalries and challenges in managing them. Despite these challenges, Iran is likely to persist with its strategy as it continues to challenge its enemies and gain influence in several countries.

IRAN; SYRIAN Civil War, 2011-; ISRAEL-Gaza conflict, 2006-; ISRAEL-Hamas War, 2023-

CounterPunch, 2024, p1

1086-2323

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