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- Title
A Genetic Analysis of Parent-Offspring Conflict.
- Authors
Stamps, Judy A.; Metcalf, Robert A.; Krishnan, V. V.
- Abstract
1. When there is no cost to the selfish behavior, selection favors the spread of selfish alleles at offspring loci when the ratio of cost c to the parents' future offspring to benefit b to the selfish offspring is less than 2 for full-sibs and 4 for half-sibs. Selection on the parent favors offspring alleles where c/b≦1. For monogamous parents, parent-offspring conflict exists when b<c<2b. 2. When performance of a selfish act involves a cost (θ), the relationship b<c<2b no longer defines the conditions for the spread of selfish alleles. As 0 increases, the upper limit of c/b decreases and the lower limit of b increases. 3. No conflict exists between parent and offspring over the best strategy to maximize reproductive success. When selfish alleles spread or when there is a cost to selfish behavior or parental counterstrategies, then RS is lowered for both parents and offspring. 4. The spread of selfish offspring alleles leads to a reduction in r and K. The spread of altruistic alleles leads to an increase in r and K. 5. Conflict exists between selfish offspring alleles and alleles at other independently assorting offspring loci. 6. In order to define the effects of an offspring behavior on its fitness, not only the ratio of cost to benefit but also the magnitude of b must be defined. Alleles with equal values of V, when V=b-0.5c, will not spread relative to one another. 7. Parent alleles that counteract offspring selfish alleles can spread as long as b<c. When the ratio c/b<1.5, offspring selfish alleles spread faster than do the parent alleles that counteract them. When c/b>1.5, parent counteracting alleles spread faster than do offspring selfish alleles. 8. A number of factors, including the action of other offspring loci, parental counterstrategies, and the cost of selfish behavior will tend to favor the expression of selfish alleles with a low ratio c/b and a low to moderate magnitude of b. Selfish alleles with a high ratio c/b and a high benefit b should be relatively uncommon. 9. Winning parent--offspring conflict depends on the biological constraints of the situation, and is mainly determined by the relative costs of offspring selfish behavior and parental counteracting behavior
- Subjects
SELFISH genetic elements; GENETIC research; GENES; SELFISHNESS; PARENTS; INTERPERSONAL conflict
- Publication
Behavioral Ecology & Sociobiology, 1978, Vol 3, Issue 4, p369
- ISSN
0340-5443
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1007/BF00303200