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- Title
Effects of Three Different Brazilian Green Propolis Extract Formulations on Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokine Secretion by Macrophages.
- Authors
Zamarrenho, Luana Gonçalves; de Lima, Mikhael Haruo Fernandes; Hori, Juliana Issa; Lima, Jéssica Aparecida; Ambrósio, Sérgio Ricardo; Bastos, Jairo Kenupp; De Jong, David; Berretta, Andresa Aparecida
- Abstract
Propolis is known for its immunomodulatory properties. We investigated the effects of three recently developed propolis extract formulations: polar propolis fraction (PPF), soluble propolis dry extract (PSDE), and microencapsulated propolis extract (MPE), and some of their components, on pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine production in a macrophage model. Bone marrow cell-derived macrophages (BMDM) in cell culture were E. coli lipopolysaccharide (500 ng/mL) stimulated for two hours and subsequently incubated for 20 hours with one of the three propolis extract formulations (1, 10, 25, 50, 100 and 300 µg/mL) or with isolated propolis components (caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, artepillin C, or baccharin) (10, 25, 50 and 100 µg/mL) to determine how they affected secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α, and the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10. PPF increased IL-6 and IL-10 levels. PSDE increased IL-6 and IL-10 at lower concentrations, while at higher concentrations it increased TNF-α and decreased IL-10. MPE increased IL-10. Caffeic acid and PPF increased both IL-6 and IL-10. Artepillin C and PSDE decreased IL-10. Baccharin and MPE increased IL-10. Baccharin also decreased IL-6. p-coumaric acid did not affect secretion of these cytokines. Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine production by the different propolis extracts differed; however, all three propolis extract formulations have potential as immunomodulatory agents in food supplement and pharmaceutical products.
- Subjects
PROPOLIS; CYTOKINES; SECRETION; ESCHERICHIA coli; CAFFEIC acid; CELL culture; PHAGOCYTOSIS
- Publication
Applied Sciences (2076-3417), 2023, Vol 13, Issue 10, p6247
- ISSN
2076-3417
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.3390/app13106247