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- Title
Self-Recognition and Allorecognition Mechanisms Exert a Significant Influence on the Sex Allocation Patterns of the Pea Aphid.
- Authors
Li, Yang; Akimoto, Shin-Ichi; Jing, Shi-Yi
- Abstract
Simple Summary: This study explores the mechanisms affecting offspring sex ratios in the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), a key issue in evolutionary ecology. It tests the impacts of the presence of both the same and different clones, as well as juvenile hormone III (JH III) levels, on offspring sex allocation. Using red and green clones and the agar method, this study set up three initial treatments using sexuparae and tracked daily offspring number and sex. In a mixed-clone treatment, 1 sexupara of the green clone and 20 oviparous females of either red (1G + 20Rov) or green (1G + 20Gov) clone were transferred onto agar leaves, with a control (1G) established for comparison. After the production of sexuparae, JH III doses were applied to them, and hormone titers and sex allocation in offspring were meticulously measured. The results highlighted marked variations in sex allocation, especially an increase in ovipara number in mixed-clone treatment groups. JH III application reversed this effect, indicating that mixed-clone treatment leads to lowered JH titers, which in turn affects sex allocation. This study concludes that A. pisum sexuparae can modify offspring sex allocation in response to adjacent clones, showing diverse mechanisms of sex allocation, where JH III plays a critical role. The mechanism controlling sex allocation in the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), remains a crucial yet unresolved issue in the field of evolutionary ecology. This study aims to assess the influence of the presence of both self and non-self clones, along with juvenile hormone III (JH III) titer, on the sex allocation of aphid offspring. To this end, red and green clones were utilized as experimental subjects, and the agar method was employed. Initially, three distinct experimental treatments were established using sexuparae, and the daily offspring count and sex allocation in each treatment zone were recorded. Subsequently, an additional experimental condition involving mixed-clone treatments was introduced. This procedure entailed the transfer of a single sexupara and 20 oviparous females from either the red (1G + 20Rov) or green clone (1G + 20Gov) onto a leaf on agar medium. Simultaneously, a control setup with a new sexupara (1G) was established. Three days following sexupara production, a dose of 0, 25, or 50 ng of JH III was applied to the aphids' abdomens. Subsequently, the titers of JH III in the sexuparae across each treatment group were quantified, and the extent of sex allocation was tallied. The findings demonstrated pronounced disparities in sex allocation among the various treatments and, notably, a substantial increase in the total offspring and oviparous number in the mixed-clone treatment group. The effects of mixed-clone treatment on the sex allocation patterns of the sexupara progeny could be determined by the application of exogenous JH III, indicating that JH may mediate the effects of mixed-clone treatment on sex allocation. Consequently, it can be concluded that A. pisum sexuparae possess the capability to modulate their sex allocation in response to the nature of adjacent competitor clones, thereby demonstrating a variety of sex allocation patterns. Throughout this process, JH III plays a pivotal role.
- Subjects
PEA aphid; PEAS; JUVENILE hormones; SEX allocation; SEX hormones; INVESTIGATIONAL therapies; SEX ratio
- Publication
Insects (2075-4450), 2024, Vol 15, Issue 3, p158
- ISSN
2075-4450
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.3390/insects15030158