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- Title
Lowered oxygen saturation and increased body temperature in acute COVID-19 largely predict chronic fatigue syndrome and affective symptoms due to Long COVID: A precision nomothetic approach.
- Authors
Al-Hadrawi, Dhurgham Shihab; Al-Rubaye, Haneen Tahseen; Almulla, Abbas F.; Al-Hakeim, Hussein Kadhem; Maes, Michael
- Abstract
Background: Long coronavirus disease 2019 (LC) is a chronic sequel of acute COVID-19. The exact pathophysiology of the affective, chronic fatigue and physiosomatic symptoms (labelled as "physio-affective phenome") of LC has remained elusive. Objective: The current study aims to delineate the effects of oxygen saturation (SpO2) and body temperature during the acute phase on the physio-affective phenome of LC. Method: We recruited 120 LC patients and 36 controls. For all participants, we assessed the lowest SpO2 and peak body temperature during acute COVID-19, and the Hamilton Depression and Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMD/HAMA) and Fibro Fatigue (FF) scales 3–4 months later. Results: Lowered SpO2 and increased body temperature during the acute phase and female sex predict 60.7% of the variance in the physio-affective phenome of LC. Using unsupervised learning techniques, we were able to delineate a new endophenotype class, which comprises around 26.7% of the LC patients and is characterised by very low SpO2 and very high body temperature, and depression, anxiety, chronic fatigue, and autonomic and gastro-intestinal symptoms scores. Single latent vectors could be extracted from both biomarkers, depression, anxiety and FF symptoms or from both biomarkers, insomnia, chronic fatigue, gastro-intestinal and autonomic symptoms. Conclusion: The newly constructed endophenotype class and pathway phenotypes indicate that the physio-affective phenome of LC is at least in part the consequence of the pathophysiology of acute COVID-19, namely the combined effects of lowered SpO2, increased body temperature and the associated immune-inflammatory processes and lung lesions.
- Subjects
POST-acute COVID-19 syndrome; BODY temperature; CHRONIC fatigue syndrome; OXYGEN saturation; HAMILTON Depression Inventory; GASTROPARESIS; POSTPOLIOMYELITIS syndrome
- Publication
Acta Neuropsychiatrica, 2023, Vol 35, Issue 2, p76
- ISSN
0924-2708
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1017/neu.2022.21