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- Title
Non-Invasive Assessment of Intravascular Pressure Gradients: A Review of Current and Proposed Novel Methods.
- Authors
Nguyen, Tin-Quoc; Hansen, Kristoffer Lindskov; Bechsgaard, Thor; Lönn, Lars; Jensen, Jørgen Arendt; Nielsen, Michael Bachmann
- Abstract
Invasive catheterization is associated with a low risk of serious complications. However, although it is the gold standard for measuring pressure gradients, it induces changes to blood flow and requires significant resources. Therefore, non-invasive alternatives are urgently needed. Pressure gradients are routinely estimated non-invasively in clinical settings using ultrasound and calculated with the simplified Bernoulli equation, a method with several limitations. A PubMed literature search on validation of non-invasive techniques was conducted, and studies were included if non-invasively estimated pressure gradients were compared with invasively measured pressure gradients in vivo. Pressure gradients were mainly estimated from velocities obtained with Doppler ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging. Most studies used the simplified Bernoulli equation, but more recent studies have employed the expanded Bernoulli and Navier–Stokes equations. Overall, the studies reported good correlation between non-invasive estimation of pressure gradients and catheterization. Despite having strong correlations, several studies reported the non-invasive techniques to either overestimate or underestimate the invasive measurements, thus questioning the accuracy of the non-invasive methods. In conclusion, more advanced imaging techniques may be needed to overcome the shortcomings of current methods.
- Subjects
BERNOULLI equation; MAGNETIC resonance imaging; NAVIER-Stokes equations; DOPPLER ultrasonography; PRESSURE
- Publication
Diagnostics (2075-4418), 2019, Vol 9, Issue 1, p5
- ISSN
2075-4418
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.3390/diagnostics9010005