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- Title
In situ Investigation of the Moisture Distribution and Deterioration of the Façade of Limestone Rock-Hewn Heritage.
- Authors
Wang, Yinghong; Hao, Zeqi; Zhang, Hui
- Abstract
Water plays a vital role in deteriorating stone heritage, especially those carved into vertical rock slopes. Southeast China is home to numerous limestone rock-hewn heritages, many of which showcase diverse deterioration patterns on their facades. Nevertheless, due to the large scale of this heritage and the limitations imposed by the principle of minimal intervention in practices, there is still a lack of practical strategies for understanding moisture distribution. Therefore, this study aims to analyse the moisture distribution of limestone rock-hewn statues via in situ detection employing a portable hygrometer and laboratory calibration based on the gravimetric method and regression analysis. The in situ determination was conducted in the Ciyunling statues niche 1 (World Heritage Site), which was hewn in the Wuyue states (942 CE). Thirty-six measuring areas were evenly planned on the niche's façade, with 20 moisture readings obtained from each measuring area. Additionally, the surface hardness of the typical area of statues was examined using a non-invasive Leeb hardness tester and Kruskal–Wallis H test to assess the impact of moisture on deterioration. The findings reveal that the statues' moisture content is higher than the background wall between the statues, signalling a greater potential for deterioration on the surface of the limestone statue. The primary source of moisture appears to be gaseous water in the atmosphere, which accumulates in the micropores through capillary condensation. Furthermore, the statistically significant differences in surface hardness between the chest/shoulder of statues and the root of the façade highlight the softening effect of moisture on the foundation of the limestone statues. Hence, the methodology utilised in this study serves as a viable approach for examining moisture levels and the extent of deterioration in rock-hewn heritage structures. Highlights: Systematic in situ measurement of moisture distribution on the facades of limestone rock-hewn heritage. A linear regression equation between limestone's electrical resistance-based moisture content (ωc) and the gravimetric moisture content (ωo) was obtained. The surface of the limestone statues contains more moisture signalling a greater potential for water-induced weathering. the surface hardness of the limestone facade significantly diminishes as the height decreases according to Kruskal–Wallis H test.
- Subjects
MOISTURE; LIMESTONE; ROCK slopes; WORLD Heritage Sites; MOISTURE measurement; STONE; DETERIORATION of concrete
- Publication
Rock Mechanics & Rock Engineering, 2024, Vol 57, Issue 4, p2755
- ISSN
0723-2632
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1007/s00603-023-03706-4