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- Title
Effects of Early-Life Stress, Postnatal Diet Modulation and Long-Term Western-Style Diet on Peripheral and Central Inflammatory Markers.
- Authors
Ruigrok, Silvie R.; Abbink, Maralinde R.; Geertsema, Jorine; Kuindersma, Jesse E.; Stöberl, Nina; van der Beek, Eline M.; Lucassen, Paul J.; Schipper, Lidewij; Korosi, Aniko; Barrientos, Ruth M.; Sominsky, Luba
- Abstract
Early-life stress (ES) exposure increases the risk of developing obesity. Breastfeeding can markedly decrease this risk, and it is thought that the physical properties of the lipid droplets in human milk contribute to this benefit. A concept infant milk formula (IMF) has been developed that mimics these physical properties of human milk (Nuturis®, N-IMF). Previously, we have shown that N-IMF reduces, while ES increases, western-style diet (WSD)-induced fat accumulation in mice. Peripheral and central inflammation are considered to be important for obesity development. We therefore set out to test the effects of ES, Nuturis® and WSD on adipose tissue inflammatory gene expression and microglia in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. ES was induced in mice by limiting the nesting and bedding material from postnatal day (P) 2 to P9. Mice were fed a standard IMF (S-IMF) or N-IMF from P16 to P42, followed by a standard diet (STD) or WSD until P230. ES modulated adipose tissue inflammatory gene expression early in life, while N-IMF had lasting effects into adulthood. Centrally, ES led to a higher microglia density and more amoeboid microglia at P9. In adulthood, WSD increased the number of amoeboid microglia, and while ES exposure increased microglia coverage, Nuturis® reduced the numbers of amoeboid microglia upon the WSD challenge. These results highlight the impact of the early environment on central and peripheral inflammatory profiles, which may be key in the vulnerability to develop metabolic derangements later in life.
- Subjects
OBESITY risk factors; ADVERSE childhood experiences; WESTERN diet; BIOMARKERS; INFANT formulas; INFLAMMATION; BREAST milk; ANIMAL experimentation; DIET; GENE expression; RISK assessment; PUERPERIUM; CELLS; HYPOTHALAMUS; PSYCHOLOGICAL stress; ADIPOSE tissues; MICE; BEDDING
- Publication
Nutrients, 2021, Vol 13, Issue 2, p288
- ISSN
2072-6643
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.3390/nu13020288