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- Title
Solar Wind Energy Budget Dilemma During Substorms Induced by Interplanetary Shocks.
- Authors
Xu, Shi‐Ge; Yue, Chao; Zong, Qiu‐Gang; Zhou, Xu‐Zhi; Fu, Sui‐yan
- Abstract
Interplanetary (IP) shocks can trigger substorms when they interact the magnetosphere. In study of Hajra and Tsurutani (2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-0633(77)90001-0), they reported a shock‐induced substorm event where the energy dissipation exceeded the energy input (ε $\varepsilon $ parameter). In this study, we examined 198 IP shock‐induced substorms from 1995 to 2021 and found 32 underpowered events where the energy dissipation exceeded the energy input calculated from IP shock sheath parameters. We also found underpowered events using other newly developed energy functions. To resolve this dilemma, we introduce the concept of dual compressions of the interplanetary magnetic field by both the IP shock and the bow shock, respectively. Based on in situ observations in the magnetosheath, we obtained a set of new parameters from the dual compressions. The stronger magnetic field resulting from the double compressions reconnects the geomagnetic field, leading to an increased input of energy into the magnetosphere. This new energy input is generally sufficient to balance the energy dissipation. Plain Language Summary: The magnetosphere is the region controlled by the geomagnetic field. The ε $\varepsilon $ parameter estimates the magnetosphere energy input by considering the Poynting flux in the solar wind. In some cases, however, the energy dissipation exceeds the energy input calculated from solar wind parameters. Considering that the solar wind slows down to form a bow shock when it interacts the Earth's magnetosphere with the solar wind kinetic energy converted into magnetic energy, it is more appropriate to consider the Poynting flux in the magnetosheath. Therefore, we suggest that the ε $\varepsilon $ parameter should be calculated in the magnetosheath. By taking the values of the magnetic field and velocity in the magnetosheath after dual compressions by IP shock and Bow shock for IP shock‐induced substorm events, we obtain larger energy input compared with the ε $\varepsilon $ parameter. The new energy input is generally sufficient to balance the energy dissipation. Key Points: The energy dissipation during some IP shock‐induced substorms exceeded the energy input by using various energy coupling functionsThe dilemma can be solved by the dual compressions of interplanetary magnetic field by IP shock and bow shock, which result in more energy inputA set of new parameters based on the dual compressions are obtained, the new energy input is large enough to provide sufficient energy input
- Subjects
INTERPLANETARY magnetic fields; SOLAR wind; MAGNETIC storms; WIND power; SOLAR energy; GEOMAGNETISM; CORONAL mass ejections
- Publication
Journal of Geophysical Research. Space Physics, 2023, Vol 128, Issue 8, p1
- ISSN
2169-9380
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1029/2022JA031192