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- Title
Duality of Branched-Chain Amino Acids in Chronic Cardiovascular Disease: Potential Biomarkers versus Active Pathophysiological Promoters.
- Authors
Tanase, Daniela Maria; Valasciuc, Emilia; Costea, Claudia Florida; Scripcariu, Dragos Viorel; Ouatu, Anca; Hurjui, Loredana Liliana; Tarniceriu, Claudia Cristina; Floria, Diana Elena; Ciocoiu, Manuela; Baroi, Livia Genoveva; Floria, Mariana
- Abstract
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), comprising leucine (Leu), isoleucine (Ile), and valine (Val), are essential nutrients vital for protein synthesis and metabolic regulation via specialized signaling networks. Their association with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) has become a focal point of scientific debate, with emerging evidence suggesting both beneficial and detrimental roles. This review aims to dissect the multifaceted relationship between BCAAs and cardiovascular health, exploring the molecular mechanisms and clinical implications. Elevated BCAA levels have also been linked to insulin resistance (IR), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), inflammation, and dyslipidemia, which are well-established risk factors for CVD. Central to these processes are key pathways such as mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activate B cells (NF-κB)-mediated inflammation, and oxidative stress. Additionally, the interplay between BCAA metabolism and gut microbiota, particularly the production of metabolites like trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), adds another layer of complexity. Contrarily, some studies propose that BCAAs may have cardioprotective effects under certain conditions, contributing to muscle maintenance and metabolic health. This review critically evaluates the evidence, addressing the biological basis and signal transduction mechanism, and also discusses the potential for BCAAs to act as biomarkers versus active mediators of cardiovascular pathology. By presenting a balanced analysis, this review seeks to clarify the contentious roles of BCAAs in CVD, providing a foundation for future research and therapeutic strategies required because of the rising prevalence, incidence, and total burden of CVDs.
- Subjects
NF-kappa B; CARDIOVASCULAR diseases; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; ENZYME inhibitors; CARDIOTONIC agents; LEUCINE; CARDIOVASCULAR diseases risk factors; OXIDATIVE stress; HEART failure; CELLULAR signal transduction; CHRONIC diseases; VALINE; INSULIN resistance; METABOLITES; BRANCHED chain amino acids; TYPE 2 diabetes; MTOR inhibitors; MOLECULAR biology; ISOLEUCINE; INFLAMMATION; BIOMARKERS; RAPAMYCIN
- Publication
Nutrients, 2024, Vol 16, Issue 12, p1972
- ISSN
2072-6643
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.3390/nu16121972