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- Title
Protective Role of Phenolic Compounds from Whole Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton) against LPS-Induced Inflammation in Colon and Macrophage Cells.
- Authors
Sreedharan, Shareena; Nair, Vimal; Cisneros-Zevallos, Luis
- Abstract
The chemical profiling of phenolic and terpenoid compounds in whole cardamom, skin, and seeds (Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton) showed 11 phenolics and 16 terpenoids, many of which are reported for the first time. Herein, we report the anti-inflammatory properties of a methanolic extract of whole cardamom in colon and macrophage cells stimulated with an inflammatory bacteria lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The results show that cardamom extracts lowered the expression of pro-inflammatory genes NFkβ, TNFα, IL-6, and COX2 in colon cells by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) while not affecting LXRα. In macrophages, cardamom extracts lowered the expression of pro-inflammatory genes NFkβ, TNFα, IL-6, and COX2 and decreased NO levels through a reduction in ROS and enhanced gene expression of nuclear receptors LXRα and PPARγ. The cardamom extracts in a range of 200–800 μg/mL did not show toxicity effects in colon or macrophage cells. The whole-cardamom methanolic extracts contained high levels of phenolics compounds (e.g., protocatechuic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, and 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, among others) and are likely responsible for the anti-inflammatory and multifunctional effects observed in this study. The generated information suggests that cardamom may play a protective role against low-grade inflammation that can be the basis of future in vivo studies using mice models of inflammation and associated chronic diseases.
- Subjects
INTERLEUKINS; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2; BIOMARKERS; REVERSE transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; STATISTICS; MEDICINAL plants; POLYPHENOLS; CELL culture; ESSENTIAL oils; TERPENES; ANTI-inflammatory agents; NONSTEROIDAL anti-inflammatory agents; LIQUID chromatography; ONE-way analysis of variance; MACROPHAGES; NF-kappa B; ANALYTICAL biochemistry; HERBS; PHYTOCHEMICALS; GENE expression; GAS chromatography; CELL survival; OXIDATIVE stress; RESEARCH funding; SEEDS; TUMOR necrosis factors; MASS spectrometry; DESCRIPTIVE statistics; PLANT extracts; COLITIS; CELL lines; REACTIVE oxygen species; NITRIC oxide; COLLECTION &; preservation of biological specimens; DATA analysis; DATA analysis software; PHARMACODYNAMICS
- Publication
Nutrients, 2023, Vol 15, Issue 13, p2965
- ISSN
2072-6643
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.3390/nu15132965