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- Title
Optimal Dietary Intake Composition of Choline and Betaine Is Associated with Minimized Visceral Obesity-Related Hepatic Steatosis in a Case-Control Study.
- Authors
Chang, Ting-Yu; Wu, Chien-Hsien; Chang, Chi-Yang; Lee, Fu-Jen; Wang, Bei-Wen; Doong, Jia-Yau; Lin, Yu-Shun; Kuo, Chang-Sheng; Huang, Rwei-Fen S.
- Abstract
Few studies on humans have comprehensively evaluated the intake composition of methyl-donor nutrients (MDNs: choline, betaine, and folate) in relation to visceral obesity (VOB)-related hepatic steatosis (HS), the hallmark of non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases. In this case–control study, we recruited 105 patients with HS and 104 without HS (controls). HS was diagnosed through ultrasound examination. VOB was measured using a whole-body analyzer. MDN intake was assessed using a validated quantitative food frequency questionnaire. After adjustment for multiple HS risk factors, total choline intake was the most significant dietary determinant of HS in patients with VOB (Beta: −0.41, p = 0.01). Low intake of choline (<6.9 mg/kg body weight), betaine (<3.1 mg/kg body weight), and folate (<8.8 μg/kg body weight) predicted increased odds ratios (ORs) of VOB-related HS (choline: OR: 22, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 6.5–80; betaine: OR: 14, 95% CI: 4.4–50; and folate: OR: 19, 95% CI: 5.2–74). Combined high intake of choline and betaine, but not folate, was associated with an 81% reduction in VOB-related HS (OR: 0.19, 95% CI: 0.05–0.69). Our data suggest that the optimal intake of choline and betaine can minimize the risk of VOB-related HS in a threshold-dependent manner.
- Subjects
OBESITY complications; FATTY liver prevention; BETAINE; OBESITY; CONFIDENCE intervals; ABDOMINAL adipose tissue; FATTY liver; INGESTION; CASE-control method; CHOLINE; RISK assessment; QUESTIONNAIRES; DESCRIPTIVE statistics; FOLIC acid; ODDS ratio; DISEASE risk factors
- Publication
Nutrients, 2022, Vol 14, Issue 2, p261
- ISSN
2072-6643
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.3390/nu14020261