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- Title
Specificity and costs of inducible defense in the barnacle Chthamalus fissus (Darwin, 1854).
- Authors
Jarrett, Jeremiah N
- Abstract
Conditions under which plastic defenses of prey evolve include spatial and temporal variation in predator abundance, large-scale dispersal of prey propagules, a reliable predator cue and, costs associated with the defended morph in predator-free environments. The barnacle Chthamalus fissus Darwin, 1854 develops a narrow or bent aperture when exposed to the predatory snail Mexacanthina lugubris lugubris Sowerby, 1821. These "defended" individuals are better able to withstand predator assaults compared to the oval-aperture individuals. The study set out to determine: 1) whether induction of the narrow-aperture morph is a specific response to M. l. lugubris or a general response to snails that feed using a labral tooth, 2) if populations of C. fissus within the northern limit of M. l. lugubris have the same capacity to develop the narrow-aperture morph as the more southern populations and, 3) the costs associated with the two defended phenotypes. Mexacanthina l. lugubris, which ranges from Baja California, Mexico to Laguna Beach, CA, USA, and Acanthinucella spirata Blainville, 1832, which ranges from Washington state, USA to Baja California, both feed using a labral tooth. Chthamalus fissus populations from Las Olas, Baja California north to Laguna Beach, CA exhibit the same capacity to develop the narrow-aperture morph. Narrow-aperture individuals of C. fissus produced more eggs compared to oval- and bent-aperture individuals, which did not differ between themselves. Oval-aperture barnacles had significantly (P < 0.001) longer feeding limbs (cirri 4, 5, and 6) compared to narrow- and bent-aperture barnacles, which may improve feeding efficiency and explain the previously observed faster growth of oval-aperture individuals. It is suggested that narrow- and bent-aperture barnacles may begin reproducing at smaller sizes and that oval morphs of comparable size allocate energy to growth, postponing reproduction and achieving higher life-time fecundity than the defended morphs under predator-free conditions.
- Subjects
BARNACLES; PREDATION; CHTHAMALUS; ANIMAL morphology; DEFENSE reaction (Physiology)
- Publication
Journal of Crustacean Biology, 2018, Vol 38, Issue 5, p547
- ISSN
0278-0372
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1093/jcbiol/ruy052