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- Title
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Glycemic Control Among Insured US Adults.
- Authors
Zakaria, Nora I.; Tehranifar, Parisa; Laferrère, Blandine; Albrecht, Sandra S.
- Abstract
Key Points: Question: Do disparities in glycemic control associated with race and ethnicity persist over time among adults with private and public insurance and do social, health care, and behavioral or health factors attenuate disparity estimates? Findings: In this cross-sectional study of 4070 US adults, Hispanic or Latino and non-Hispanic Black individuals had higher odds of poor glycemic control compared with non-Hispanic White individuals, despite high levels of access to care. Social, health care, and behavioral or health factors did not attenuate disparities, which also persisted among adults with private insurance. Meaning: These findings suggest that having health insurance was insufficient to address disparities in glycemic control associated with race and ethnicity; research is needed to identify barriers preventing Hispanic and Latino and non-Hispanic Black communities from meeting diabetes management goals. This cross-sectional study describes racial and ethnic disparities in glycemic control among adults with private and public insurance in the US over a 15-year timeframe and evaluates whether social, health care, and behavioral or health status factors attenuate estimates of disparities. Importance: Poor access to care and lack of health insurance are important contributors to disparities in glycemic control. However expanding health insurance coverage may not be enough to fully address the high burden of poor glycemic control for some groups. Objective: To characterize racial and ethnic disparities in glycemic control among adults with private and public insurance in the US over a 15-year timeframe and to evaluate whether social, health care, and behavioral or health status factors attenuate estimates of disparities. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cross-sectional study used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2003 to 2018. Participants included Hispanic or Latino, non-Hispanic Black, and non-Hispanic White adults aged 25 to 80 years with self-reported diabetes and health insurance. Data were analyzed from January 15 to August 23, 2023. Exposure: Participants self-identified as Hispanic or Latino, non-Hispanic Black, or non-Hispanic White. Main Outcomes and Measures: The main outcome, poor glycemic control, was defined as glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) of 7.0% or greater. Information about social (education, food security, and nativity), health care (insurance type, routine place for health care, insurance gap in past year, and use of diabetes medications), and behavioral or health status (years with diabetes, waist circumference, and smoking) factors were collected via questionnaires. Results: A total of 4070 individuals (weighted mean [SE] age, 61.4 [0.27] years; 1970 [weighted proportion, 49.3%] were women) were included, representing 16 337 362 US adults, including 1146 Hispanic or Latino individuals (weighted proportion, 13.2%), 1196 non-Hispanic Black individuals (weighted proportion, 15.7%), and 1728 non-Hispanic White individuals (weighted proportion, 71.1%). In models adjusted for age, sex, and survey year, Hispanic or Latino and non-Hispanic Black individuals had significantly higher odds of poor glycemic control than non-Hispanic White individuals (Hispanic or Latino: odds ratio [OR], 1.46; 95% CI, 1.16-1.83; Black: OR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.04-1.57). There was some attenuation after adjustment for social factors, especially food security (Hispanic or Latino: OR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.08-1.81); Black: OR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.08-1.81). However, accounting for health care and behavioral or health status factors increased disparities, especially for Hispanic or Latino individuals (OR, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.24-2.16), with racial and ethnic disparities persisting even among those with private insurance (OR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.10-2.52). Conclusions and Relevance: In this cross-sectional study of insured adults with diabetes in the US, disparities in poor glycemic control persisted despite adjustment for social, health care, and behavioral factors. Research is needed to identify the barriers contributing to poor control even in populations with access to care.
- Subjects
UNITED States; GLYCOSYLATED hemoglobin; CONFIDENCE intervals; HEALTH services accessibility; GLYCEMIC control; CROSS-sectional method; RACE; DIABETES; COMPARATIVE studies; HEALTH insurance; DESCRIPTIVE statistics; DISEASE prevalence; RESEARCH funding; HEALTH equity; ODDS ratio; DATA analysis software; ADULTS
- Publication
JAMA Network Open, 2023, Vol 6, Issue 10, pe2336307
- ISSN
2574-3805
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.36307