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- Title
Appetite-Regulating Hormones in Human Milk: A Plausible Biological Factor for Obesity Risk Reduction?
- Authors
Larson-Meyer, D. Enette; Schueler, Jessica; Kyle, Erin; Austin, Kathleen J.; Hart, Ann Marie; Alexander, Brenda M.
- Abstract
Background: Human milk contains appetite-regulating hormones that may influence infant growth and obesity risk. Research aims: We evaluated whether leptin, peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and ghrelin concentrations in human milk (1) changed during feeding (from foremilk to hindmilk) and during the first 6 months of infancy; (2) were explained by maternal factors; and (3) were associated with infant anthropometrics and growth. Methods: Mother–infant dyads (N = 22) participated. Samples of foremilk and hindmilk at 1 month postpartum were collected and analyzed for leptin, PYY, GLP-1, and ghrelin via radioimmunoassay and milkfat percentage estimated via creamatocrit. Samples were also collected in mothers (n = 15) who breastfed through 6 months. Anthropometrics were obtained on all mother–infant dyads at 1 month and all infants at 6 months and 12 months. Results: At 1 month, milk GLP-1 and milkfat concentration increased from foremilk to hindmilk (p ≤.05) while leptin and PYY concentrations remained stable during feeding. Milk hormone concentrations and milkfat tended to decline overtime, with lower leptin, PYY, and ghrelin at 6 months versus 1 month (p <.05). At 1 month, milk leptin and milkfat content were associated with maternal markers of adiposity (r = 0.49–0.78, p <.001); whereas, milk PYY was correlated with maternal serum PYY concentration (r = 0.672, p =.001). Average 1-month milk concentrations of GLP-1 and leptin were negatively associated with weight-for-age z -scores at 6 months (r = −0.46, p <.05) and 12 months (r = −0.49, p <.05), respectively. Conclusion: The content of certain appetite-regulating hormones in human milk may be influenced by maternal factors and play a role in infant growth; much needs to be learned about their role in the obesity protection of breastfed infants.
- Subjects
PREVENTION of obesity; MOTHERS; STATISTICS; SCIENTIFIC observation; CONFIDENCE intervals; APPETITE stimulants; BREAST milk; ANTHROPOMETRY; LEPTIN; GHRELIN; T-test (Statistics); DESCRIPTIVE statistics; RESEARCH funding; GLUCAGON-like peptides; DATA analysis software; STATISTICAL correlation; DATA analysis; RADIOIMMUNOASSAY; LONGITUDINAL method
- Publication
Journal of Human Lactation, 2021, Vol 37, Issue 3, p603
- ISSN
0890-3344
- Publication type
Article
- DOI
10.1177/0890334420954160